en 





HARK 1.1 IV 



ni 



wick to Hamburg. Other cities soon followed the example of Brims- 

 wick, and joined the league. The cities were divided into four classes, 

 ur quartan, the chief cities of which were Lubeck, Cologne. Bruns- 

 wick, and Danxig; and the contingent in money, or armed force, 

 wa fixed for each. Liibeck wan at the head of the league, issued 

 the summons for the regular assemblies of the dcputiea of all the 

 cities, which went held onoo in three years at Whitmtntide (the first 

 in 1280), and also for the extraordinary assemblies, generally held 

 once in ten yearn, in which they solemnly renewed their league, 

 admitted new members, and excluded those that had not observed 

 all obligation*, compacts, Ac. Lubeck also had the common treasury 

 and the archives. 



In 121 they established in l...n.l,.u their factory called the Steel- 

 yard ; but German merchants had been in possession of it, or of an 

 adjoining building known aa the German QtiiUlhnll, for more than a 

 century. An inquisition, quoted in Markland's ' History and Survey 

 of London, of the > Henry III. 1 (l'JI3-4\ u. .ticca " the Gildhall of the 

 merchant* of l'ulK-n " (Cologne), as being in Thames-street, near 

 Dowgate. The number of the towns composing the League fluctuated ; 

 probably many which were not entirely free were not recognised aa 

 Much by the sovereign in whose dominions they were placed, although 

 admitted into the upion. Among the principal towns, however, were 

 Bergen in Norway, Berlin, Bremen, Brunswick, Colberg, Cologne, 

 Cracow, Danzig, Devcntor, Dorpat, Elbing. Frankfort on the Oder, 

 Ooslar, Qottingcn, Qroningen, Halbcrstadt. Halle, Hamburg, Hameln, 

 Hanover, Hildesheim, Kbnigaberg, Lubeck, Luneburg, Magdeburg, 

 Mun-ter, Nimcguen, Osnabriick, Revel, Riga, Ruremonde, Stade, 

 Stettin, Stralsund, Thorn, Vcnloo, Warberg in Sweden, Weael, Wisby 

 in the Isle of Gothland, Wismar, Zutphen, and Zwoll in Guclderland. 

 Their four principal factories in foreign countries were at London, 

 Bruges, Novg irod, and Bergen. 



This powerful confederacy formed the first systematic plan of com- 

 merce known in the middle ages. In its factories a discipline approach- 

 ing in rigour that of the monasteries was observed, which even extended 

 to the celibacy of factors, clerks, ic. The power of the Hansa rose 

 daily. The cities enjoyed in England the privilege of exporting goods 

 duty-free, and in Denmark of importing duty-free. Their alliance 

 was courted and their hostility feared by the greatest powers. The 

 Hanseatic League defeated kings Eric and Hakon, in Norway, and 

 Waldemar III., king of Denmark, in 1848; they deposed Magnus, 

 king of Sweden, and gave hig crown to his nephew Albert, duke of 

 Mecklenburg; they equipped in 1428 a fleet of 248 ships, with 12,000 

 soldiers on board, against Erick, king of Denmark ; and the League 

 concluded commercial treaties with Denmark, Flanders, and England, 

 where Henry III., in 1266, granted them great immunities. But 

 when the roads and seas were no longer insecure ; when princes began 

 to be sensible of the commercial interest of their own states ; and 

 above all, when the discovery of America, and the way to India l>y the 

 Cape of Good Hope, gave an entirely new form and direction to com- 

 merce, the Hanseatic League gradually declined. On July 25, 1598, the 

 lord mayor of London dispossessed them of the fleet-yard in the name of 

 the queen, who had withdrawn their privileges, and at the hist general 

 assembly at Lubeck, the deputies from the several cities appeared 

 merely to declare their secession from the League. Hamburg, 

 Lubeck, aod Bremen formed an association in 1614, and remained free 

 republics till December, 1810, when they were incorporated with the 

 French empire, but on the deliverance of Germany in 1813 they were 

 again separated from France, and with Frankforton-the-Maine are now 

 called the free Hanseatic Cities of the Gennanic.Confederation. For a 

 particular account of their connection with England, see STEELTAKD. 

 There are numerous works treating of this league. In English, vol. i. 

 of Anderson's ' Deduction of Trade and Commerce ' may be consulted. 

 In German, the most important works on the subject are F. Sartorius's 

 ' History of the German Hansa,' 3 vokt., 1802-8, continued by Dr. J. 

 If. Lappenberg, 2 vols., 1830-4 ; ' Die Urkundliche Geschichte des 

 Hansische Stanlhofes,' zu London, 1851, containing much interesting 

 matter relating to the Steelyard in Thames Street ; and Mayer's 

 ' Grosae Conversations Lexicon fiir die gebildeten Stiinde,' article 

 ' Hansa,' contains a detailed history, with much of the internal con- 

 stitution of the union. 



IIAvri'.Iil'T. [Anas.] 



HAl:l>NKSS. A term applied to that condition of the force of 

 cohesion in solid* where the constituent molecules retain their relative 

 position and resist the application of a force which tends to change 

 the figure of the body. [ATTRACTION.] Hardness is not the same 

 quality as density, since many dense bodies are much softer than 

 lighter ones. Thus glass i harder than gold or platinum, and pla- 

 tinum is harder and denser than gold. Iron and zinc arc lighter 

 but harder than gold and platinum. Lead is the softest of the 

 common metals ; but potassium and sodium can be moulded 1 K-I ween 

 the fingers like putty. 



T -*"C"*y is quite inadequate to express the various degrees of him! 

 liens in solids. Accordingly the mineralogist resorts to the artifice of 

 electing a number of well known minerals as standards of comparison. 

 These are arranged in the form of a scale, known aa the Scale of 

 /fnnlneti in which each mineral in harder than the one which precedes 

 it, so that each mineral admits of being scratched or having its particles 

 displaced by the one that follows it. 



SCALE or HARDX 



1. Tale. 



2. Compact gypsum. 



S. Calcs|iar, any clvavable 

 variety. 



4. Fluor-spar. 



5. Apatite (crystallised). 



6. Felspar, any cleav 



7. Limpid quartz. 

 S. Tupaz. 



9. Sapphire, or corundum. 

 10 Diimood. 



In determining the hardness of a body, if it neither scratch, nor is 

 scratched by fluor-spar, for example, it* hardness is said to be 4 ..but 

 if it should scratch fluor-spar and not apatite, its hardness is between 

 4 and 5. The degrees of hardueas are numbered from 1 to 10. 



The readiness with which some of the metals, steel especially, can be 

 varied in hardness by heating, suddenly cooling, and thru <<-mi 

 is of inestimable value in the useful arts. Another remarkable and 

 useful property is in some cases developed in the production of 

 Two metals, copper and tin for example, which are not separately 

 remarkable for either hardness or elasticity, possess these properties 

 in a high degree when combined in certain proportions, forming what 

 is called bell-metal. [BELL-METAL.] Hardness is often accompanied 

 bybrittlcness ; but this may be lessened by heatbg and alow c 

 generally however at the expense of the hardness. 



HARE-LIP, a malformation in which the lip is divided in one or 

 more situations by clefts extending from iU free edge towards its 

 attachment. It has received this name from the resemblance which it 

 bears to the divided upper lip of hares and other gnawing anim.il 

 is one of the most common of the malformations by arrest of <\ 

 inent. [MOSSIER.] In the embryo, each lip is formed of four , 

 which project separately from the jaws and unite with e;i< 

 different periods of foetal life; but if by any circumstance their !: 

 development is checked, they remain permanently in the cois 

 which they had at the time of its occurrence. The separate portions 

 of the lower lip unite long before those of the upper, and fissure 

 former is so exceedingly rare as to lie seldom the subject of treatment. 

 Of the portions of the upper lip, the two middle unite first, an. ; 

 the two lateral to them ; hence a fissure in the middle line i- 

 rare than one on either or each side. Hare-lip may be single or doul >! ; 

 that is, there may be one or two fissures the one mny !>e *.- 

 the middle line of the lip, or opposite to the union of the two incisors 

 with the canine tooth : if there be two, they will be found in tin 

 situation on each side. It may be simple or complicated with fissures 

 of the gum or palate, which, being developed in an analogous manner, 

 may be influenced by the same cause as the lips, though being e.irlii r 

 united they are less rarely affected. 



The cure of hare-lip is important, not only for the uncouth 

 deformity, but because sucking is prcventol in infancy, ami in later 

 life the speech is affected. It is accomplished by cutting off quite 

 smoothly the opposite edges of the fissure in its whole length, and then 

 bringing them together and maintaining them in accurate apposition 

 till, like the edges of a common wound, they have firmly i; 

 For this purpose, after fixing the portion of the lip with force]).- 

 edge of the fissure is to be cut off with a knife, or a pair of kuii 

 scissors, taking especial care that the wounded surface should be ! 

 the same form and size in each. They are then to be placed in accurate 

 contact by transfixing them with one or two hare-lip pins (according to 

 the length of the fissure), and connecting them with silk wound round 

 them in the form of an 8. These pins should be made of silver, with 

 removcable steel points; the lowest should lie i>as.ed through full two- 

 thirds of the thickness of the lip, just above its vermilion border, 

 taking care that it penetrates to the same depth in each portion, lest 

 the edge of one should project beyond that of the other. The next 

 pin should be passed midway between the lower edge of the lij> .md 

 the nostril, and the remaining aperture should be closed with a suture 

 or with sticking plaster. The intervening portions of the lip a 

 to be compressed by the bilk wound about the pins, and additional 

 security is afforded by placing a compress on each din 

 band nging it firmly, so as to prevent the muscles of tin' li; 

 trading and separating the cut edges. After the opcmtion the part 

 lie kept perfectly quiet and cool; in four or six d 



leRsings maybe removed, and the edges of the wound, 

 uhieh ought to 1* completely united, will now need only to be secured 

 by sticking-plaster. 



When the fissure is double, it is generally advisable to opcrat 

 on one nidi 1 , and when that is complett 1\ In ale.1. on the other ; but in 

 some oases the whole may be done at once, by cutting oil' both edges 

 of the middle and each of the lateral ones, and train-Iixinn tin 

 by the some pins and sutures. In those cases in which a portion of the 

 jaw-bone projects much, it may be sufficient to draw the teeth from it, 

 and then the lip may be stretched to unite over it ; but oft. n it will 

 ssory to remove it by cutting-forceps, or to depress it by long- 

 continued pressure. In all cases it must be remembered, that 1< 

 wide the fissures may be, there is no loss of substance in the lip ; its 

 edges are drawn asunder by the muscles on each ide, just ax are those 

 of a cut made in a healthy lip/ which may indeed rc> i i y same 



treatment). 



The best authorities seem now agreed that after six or eight weeks, 

 the earlier this operation is performed on the infant the better, only 

 avoiding the period of dentition ; for besides that very young children 



