.-1 



HERCULES. 



HERESY, HERETICS. 



nearly every charge and tincture known in armoury, and a different 

 one by nearly every writer upon the subject. The names of the 

 ordiiurin and ooloun hare been derived from every sort of object and 

 through every known language, without one fact having been eluci- 

 dated on which we can depend. Even the word Maim, the only one 

 we have ventured to hint the origin of, has been hotly claimed an 

 Arabic by some disputant*, and we will certainly not extend this 

 article one line by an attempt to disprove it. 



HERCULES, one of the old constellations, called iryonair by 

 Aratus, Hyginiu, and Ptolemy, and described by the first as " a figure 

 like that of a man in sorrow" while the second offers various tabular 

 significations from the stories of Hercules, Orpheus, Cetheus, Theseus, 

 ThamyrU, Ixion, Prometheus, Ac. The club, lion's skin, and character 

 of Hercules, are not so old as Aratus, who describes this figure as 

 stretching his hands to different quarters, and makes an allusion to the 

 neighbouring dragon, which shows that he was not painting a hero. 



The constellation is situated between Draco, and Bootes, Lyra, and 

 Ophiuchus; but as there is no star in it larger than of the third 

 magnitude, there is nothing very remarkable about it. The stars a 

 and P lie between the bright stars in the head of Ophiuchus and in 

 Corona Borealis. The following in a list of the principal stars : 



Character. 

 7 



T 

 P 



" 

 i 



No. In Catalogue 



of FUnuterd. 



20 



n 



27 



28 



29 



35 



40 



44 



58 



64 



65 



67 



75 



85 



86 



91 



92 

 103 

 109 



No. in Catalogue 



of British 

 Association. 



5466 

 5463 

 5525 

 5531 

 5532 

 5552 

 5604 

 5617 

 6731 

 5821 

 5828 

 5834 

 5886 

 5990 

 6021 

 6082 

 6084 

 6150 

 6251 



Magnitude. 

 3-5 

 4 



2-5 

 4 

 4 

 4 

 3 

 3 

 3 



3-5 

 4 



3-5 

 4 

 4 

 4 

 4 

 4 

 4 

 4 



HERCULES. [HKBACLES.] 



HEREDITAMENT. [CHATTELS; DESCENT; ESTATE.] 



HERESY, HERETICS. The word "heresy" (from atpwu, ckmce) 

 was originally used to express any opinion which a man adopted. 

 Thus it was applied to the philosophic sects of Greece and Rome. 

 (Cicero, ' Paradox. Proem.') In the New Testament the term often 

 simply denotes a religious party, without implying any censure. (Acts, 

 v. 17 ; xv. 5; xxvi. 5; xxviii. 22.) Josephus calls the three great Jewish 

 sects " kerttiet." (' Antiq. Jud.,' xiii., c. 5, a. 9.) But it is also used in 

 the New Testament as a term of reproach. Thus it was applied by the 

 Jews to Christianity (Acts, xxiv. 5, 14), and by the Apostles to those 

 who resisted their doctrines (1 Cor., xi. 9 ; Gal., v. 20 ; 2 Pet. ii. 1 ; 

 Tit., iii. 10). The fathers applied the words heray and heretics re- 

 spectively to opinions which were different from what they considered 

 the doctrine of the Apostles, and to those who held such opinions, 

 though some of the fathers draw a distinction between heray as a 

 wilful rejection of the doctrines of Scripture, and errors arising from 

 ignorance or weak judgment. When the creed of the church began to 

 be settled by ecclesiastical councils, all who refused to submit to 

 their decisions were denounced as heretics. They were also called 

 heterodox, while those who adhered to the opinions of the church were 

 called orthodox, or eatholie. Heretics were distinguished from un- 

 believers, inasmuch at they professed Christianity. Heresy must not 

 be confounded with schism : the former relates to doctrine ; the latter 

 is any division on points of discipline. The number of heresies men- 

 tioned by early ecclesiastical writers is from 80 to 150; but Lardner 

 (' Hist of Heretics,' i. 5) has shown that many of these ought to be 

 excluded from the list ; nor have we any evidence that many of them 

 had numerous followers. 



Most of the heresies of the first two centuries related to the creation 

 of the world, the origin of evil, the person of Christ, and the connection 

 between Judaism and Christianity ; and nearly all may be included 

 under two great sects : 1. The Ebionitos and Nasarenes, who, upon 

 embracing Christianity, adhered to many Jewish opinions and ceremo- 

 nial. 2. The Gnostics, who engrafted upon the Christian religion 

 certain opinions of the Greek and Oriental philosophy. Some however 

 regard the Ebionitos as a sect of Gnostics. Both these heresies are 

 supposed to have commenced in the Apostolic age, and to be referred 

 to in the writings of St. Paul and St. John. [EsiosiTES ; GNOSTICS.] 



The Gnostics appear to have been very early divided among them- 

 selves concerning the respect which ought to be paid to the Mosaic 

 law, and a new sect was formed Uy a Jewish Gnostic named < Viint.lm- 

 [CKBIXTHCS, in Bioo. Dir.J The Nicolaitans mentioned in the ' A]>o 



calypse ' (ii. 6, 15) are supposed to have been a sect of Gnostics, and 

 some identify them with the Corinthians. About A.D. 121, Valen- 

 tinus, an Egyptian, engrafted some opinions of his own upon Gnosti- 

 cism, and founded a new sect. His party was strongly opposed by 

 Iretucus and Tertullian. Another sect which took its rise from the 

 opinions of the Gnostics was that of Cerdo and the more celebrated 

 Marcion, who began to propagate their tenets at Rome about A.I 

 The principal feature of this heresy was the adoption of the Oriental 

 belief in two supreme powers, the one good and tl.. Tl, 



principal followers of Marcion were Luoian, or Leucius, and Apclles. 

 About A.D. 172, Bardesanes and Tatian gave rise to a new - 

 Gnostics, which was chiefly distinguished t>y the practice of an austere 

 discipline. These people were called, from their habits of abstinence, 

 Encratites, ,Hydroparastates, and Apotactitea. The Dooeto were a 

 sect of Gnostics who sprung up very early. They held that the body 

 of Christ was immaterial, and therefore did not suffer on the cross, but 

 only appeared to die. Several minor sects of Gnostics are mentioned 

 by ancient writers, such as the Adamites, the Cainites, the Sethians, 

 and the Ophians, an account of which is given in Lardner's ' History of 

 Heretics.' Lardner doubts the existence of such sects as the Adamites 

 and Cainites. The sect of Eclectics, or New Platonista, was founded at 

 Alexandria in the 2nd century ; but though its tenets were embraced 

 by many Christians, it is rather to be regarded as a philosophical than a 

 Christian sect. [ECLECTICS] 



We now come to the heresies which existed from a very early age 

 respecting the divinity of Christ. This doctrine was denied by some 

 of the Ebionites in the 2nd century. [EBIONITES.] About the end of 

 that century Praxeas founded a new sect. Denying the doctrine of the 

 Trinity, he held that the divine nature was intimately united with the 

 person of Christ, whom he considered to be a mere man, but born of a 

 virgin. His followers were called Monarchists, from their rejecting the 

 doctrine of the Trinity ; and Patripassians, because they were sup- 

 posed to believe that the Father suffered on the cross : this opinion 

 however they seem to have disclaimed. In the opinions of Praxeas 

 ecclesiastical historians trace the germ of the Sabellian heresy. Ii - 

 chief antagonist was Tertullian. His opinions were held, with some 

 alight variations, by his contemporaries Artemon and Theodotus. 

 Among the heresies of this age respecting the creation of the world 

 was that of Hermogenes, who believed in the eternity of matter. 



The Montanists, who arose in Phrygia about the year 170 (some say 

 160), are rather to be looked upon as fanatics than heretics. Their 

 leader Montanus claimed the character of a prophet : he appears to hare 

 differed from the orthodox in no leading doctrine, but only in some 

 points of discipline. His opinions owe their celebrity chiefly perhaps 

 to the circumstance that they were embraced by Tertullian. 

 [TERTULLIAN, in Bioo. Div.] We find traces of this heresy down to 

 the time of Augustine anil Jerome. Some inconsiderable heresie 

 arose in the 2nd century on points connected with the rites 

 and ceremonies of the church, such as the Artotyrites and others, 

 [COMMUNION.] 



In the 3rd century Gnosticism still had adherents, though it was 

 fast falling into disrepute. But a new heresy arose out of the Oriental 

 philosophy, headed by Manes, who attempted to unite the docti in. - 

 of the Persian Magi with those of the Apostles. [MANICII.KANS.] The 

 controversy on the Trinity and the person of Christ continued with 

 increasing warmth. About the middle of the century the doctrines 

 of Praxeas were revived, with slight variations, by Noe'tus of Smyrna, 

 Sabellius, on African bishop, and Beryllus, an Arabian. The last two 

 were opposed by Dionysius of Alexandria and Origen. [SABELUCB, in 

 Bioo. Div.] Another heresy relating to the some subject was esta- 

 blished by Paul of Samosata, bishop of Antioch. A new sect of 

 Ebionites, or Jewish Christians, appeared about the middle of the 3rd 

 century, but it lasted only for a short time. They were called Elce- 

 saites, from their founder Elxai. The Novatians, followers of 

 Novatian, a presbyter of Rome, are reckoned, perhaps erroneously, 

 among the heretics of this century. They held no doctrines different 

 from those of the Catholic church, but maintained a greater severity 

 of discipline; and hence they were called Puritans (xaSapoi). By 

 some historians they are regarded as austere and turbulent fa: 

 while others rank them as the earliest sect of reformers in church 

 discipline. 



In the 4th century the attention of the church was chiefly occupied 

 with tin- .\ri.in controversy. [Ames, in Bioo. Div.] Out of these 

 disputes other heresies arose respecting the |>erson of Christ, such as 

 that of Apollinoris fAroi.LiNAiiis, in Bioa. Div.], Marcellns, I'l, 

 and Macedonius. Near the end of this century we lind a new sect 

 of Gnostics in Spain, under the name of PriscillianistA. The Dona) My, 

 who caused great commotions in the church during this century, ore 

 rather to be classed as schismatics than with heretics. [Dox,n 

 Bioo. Div.] For an account of certain minor sects in the 4th century, 

 see Epiphanius, ' De Hcoresiis.' 



At the beginning of the 5th century the Pelagian controversy arose. 

 [PELAOIUS, in Bioo. Div.] The disputes concerning the Trinity .md 

 the person of Christ continued to give rise to new secte,the chief of 

 which were the Nestorians and their opponents the Eutychians, or 

 Monophysites. [EUTTCHES, in Bioo. Div.] The controversies of 

 these sects with the orthodox and each other continued nearly 2<>o 

 years, producing various minor sects, such ON the Monothelites, the 



