697 



HOGSHEAD. 



HOMESTEAD. 



can swing, and alternately be fastened by a bolt to the inside or 

 outside edge of the trough. When the hogs have fed sufficiently the 

 door is swung back and the trough is easily cleaned out. It remains so 

 till feeding time, when the food is poured in, without any impediment 

 from the greedy hogs, who cannot get at it till the door is swung 

 back. This simple contrivance saves a great deal of trouble, and is 

 easily adapted to any common stye. It is a great advantage to be 

 able to inspect the styes without going into them, and this is effected 

 by placing them under a common roof, which may conveniently be a 

 lean-to to the boiling-house or any other building, with a passage 

 between them. 



The preceding figure will best explain this, and show its superiority 

 over common styes. 



HOGSHEAD, an ancient measure of liquids, which, not being men- 

 tioned in the act 5 Geo. IV., cannot now be considered as having any 

 legal existence. 



The hogshead of wine was 2 wine barrels, or 63 old wine gallons ; 

 the London hogshead of ale [BARREL] was 1 J ale barrels, or 48 ale 

 gallons ; the London hogshead of beer was 1 4 beer barrels, or 54 

 beer gallons ; and the ale and beer hogshead for the rest of England 

 was 1 ^ barrels, or 51 gallons. 



All Excise measurements being now made in gallons, the term hogs- 

 head remains in use only as the name of a large c.-isk. 



HOLLANDS. [GENEVA.] 



HOLY ORDERS. [ORDINATION.] 



HOMAGE, an incident of tenure which is now abolished by 12 Car. 

 II., c. 24. [FEUDAL SYSTEM.] The word, according to Sir Edward 

 Coke, is derived from homo, because when the tenant did his service to 

 the lord, he said, " I become your man," &c. 



Homage, according to the old English law writers, was of three kinds : 

 by ligeance, by reason of tenure, and ancestral; the distinction 

 between which is not necessary to state here : the whole subject, 

 which is now merely matter of curiosity, is explained in ' Coke upon 

 Litt.,' p. 64, and following pages. . 



The copyholders, or tenants who attend to do tbeir duty in a court 

 baron, are called the homaye. 



HOMBERG'S PHOSPHORUS. [CALCIUM ; Chlorine and Calcium.] 



HOMESTEAD. There is in most districts of the country a great 

 difference between what is required as farm buildings by the intelligent 

 farmer and what is supplied to him by the landowner. Every writer 

 on agriculture has described what is wanted, but it is only here and 

 there that you find specimens which come up to their ideal. Thus, 

 Mr. Hewitt Davis, (' Practical Essays,') wrote many years ago the 

 following description of a homestead : 



"t)n a well-arranged farm, the following details will have been 

 attended to, namely : 



" 1st. The situation of the homestead willjbe centra], and hard roads 

 will have been made to afford free communication between it and all 

 parts of the farm. , 



" 2nd. The fanner's residence will have been so placed that he may 

 see what is doing at the homestead, and have a constant eye on the 

 labourers, the live stock, and property on the premises. 



" 3rd. The yards will be so protected by the stables, cattle-houses, 

 and barns, that the stock will be sheltered from the east, north, and 

 west quarters, and open only to the south, and so formed that the 

 manure will be collected with least possible waste. 



" 4th. The barns will extend east and west, so that the sun at noon 

 may shine on the barn floor, and their south side may form shelter 

 hovels for the cattle to lie under. 



" 5th. The open cattle-sheds and pig-sties will face the south or west, 

 so that the sun may shine into them, and the stock may lie dry and 

 sheltered from the colder winds. 



"6th. The rick-yard will be so situated as to have a quick and 

 convenient connection with the barns, and be provided with rick- 

 stands on pillars best adapted for ventilation and protection of the 

 corn from vermin. 



" 7th. Tanks will have been made for the collection and preservation 

 of the drainage from the stables, cattle-sheds, and yards. 



" 8th. A supply of water will have been provided, hi convenient 

 situations, for the ready and constant use of the animals. 



" 9th. Cottages will have been erected on the farm to secure a certain 

 amount of labour at all seasons, and in situations where the labourers 

 will lose little time in going to and returning from their labours, and 

 may assist in the preservation of the property of the farm." 



These memoranda will, with few exceptions, serve as a guide in almost 

 every circumstance to what is wanted as a homestead. The tendency 

 at present is to do away with barns, and to cover a given space of 

 ground with shedding, dividing out the space thus sheltered into 

 yards, or stalls, or boxes, according to convenience ; but the references 

 to position, aspect, accommodation, tanks, water, cottages, will be 

 generally allowed as applicable everywhere. In illustration of the 

 cnnipleter equipment which one sometimes meets with now on first- 

 class farms, the following paragraphs are given as descriptive of the 

 : <ill farmery on Earl Radnor's home farm, the Englefield farmery 

 n Mr. Benyon's home farm, and the Haineshill farmery on Mr. 

 Garth's home farm, all in Berkshire. They are all more or less on the 

 new system of a roof over the whole quadrangle on which the 

 buildings stand. 



1. Coleshill Farmery. On entering the buildings, and the adjoining 

 rick- and timber-yards, which you do at the east end, you find yourself 

 in the barn, and in the upper story of it ; for it is two stories high, the 

 upper story being on a level with the rick-yard, and the lower on a 

 level with the floors of the stables, cattle-sheds, and yards. This 

 difference in the levels is caused by the site being on a declivity, which 

 has been most judiciously taken advantage of, and by a little extra 

 labour divided into two steps or fiats, each with a very slight incline 

 downwards, towards the vest. In this upper story of the barn is 

 placed part of the machinery connected with threshing and dressing 

 the corn, weighing, and sacking it ; also a mill, with a pair of French 

 stones, for grinding wheat or other grain, either into fine flour, or for 

 merely crushing it or kibbin;* it. There is, too, a mill for grinding 

 Unseed. Opening from this large floor is, on one side, a spacious 

 granary, from which the corn, when dressed and sacked, can be let 

 down, through a trap-door, by a chain and pulley iuto the waggons, to 

 be conveyed away when sold. It opens also into the engine-house, and 

 into a large loft for storing wool or anything else that requires to be 

 kept dry. The threshing-machine, which, with all the other machinery, 

 mills, chaff-cutters, &c., is driven by a steam-engine of 7-horse power, 

 is placed on the ground adjoining to and on the same level with the 

 upper floor of the barn, as is also a circular saw for cutting out rough 

 stuff, which is likewise worked by the engine. All this machinery, 

 including the steam-engine, was made and erected by Messrs. Clayton 

 and Shuttleworth, of Lincoln. It is composed of various machines by 

 which the grain is threshed, dressed, deposited in sacks, and weighed, 

 ready for market, at one operation, without any intervention of manual 

 labour. There is also a mill on an improved principle for grinding corn 

 for cattle ; also a chaff-cutter ; a mill for bruising oats and Unseed ; a 

 saw-bench with circular saw, &c., in the carpenter's shed : all of which 

 are driven by a 7-horse power portable steam-engine outside the barn 

 wall, which communicates the power to a Une of shafting extending 

 across the barn, from which the various machines are driven by leather 

 bands. The straw passes down from the threshing-machine, on a sort 

 of riddling screen, to the ground floor below (where the chaff-cutter is 

 placed), either to be converted into chaff or to be stored away in the 

 straw-house. Following it by a staircase, which leads down to the 

 ground floor, the second flat or step of the area of the premises, you 

 find yourself in a commodious building, with doors north and south 

 large enough for a loaded waggon to pass through them. This building 

 is appropriated for receiving the caving, chaff, and straw when cut for 

 litter, being divided into separate rooms ; the north end being reserved 

 for the purpose of storing roots which are thrown in from the upper 

 level through a shute provided for that purpose. The adjoining rooms 

 are fitted up with various apparatus for steaming and preparing food 

 for pigs and cattle, and comprise, as well, vaults for skim-milk, wash, 

 '&c., and a slaughter-house. On leaving this building by the south 

 door, you enter a court in which, on your left hand, are the riding- 

 horse stables, coach-house, harness-house, &c. ; and above, and adjacent 

 to them, the steward's office, room for reckoning with the men, &c. 

 On your right hand is the building containing the boxes and stalls for 

 the dairy cows, and the yards and sheds for these cows and their 

 offspring, and for young stock. On leaving this building by the north 

 door, another court is entered, which is surrounded by sheds for carts, 

 ploughs, and other implements; by the cart-horse stables, harness- 

 houses, &c. ; and by the yards attached to some of the boxes for fatting 

 cattle. 



Returning to the centre of this building, that is, to the spot, or 

 near to it, where the straw from the threshing-machine comes out 

 from the apparatus above, and turning your face to the west, you 

 look down a long vista, flanked on one side by the piggeries, and on the 

 other by boxes for fatting cattle. The roof is of slate, with skylights, 

 glazed with rough plate-glass, and open at the sides, which are fitted 

 with ventilators. The roofs of the other ayenues and of those parts of 

 the building where the stock is kept confined are lighted and venti- 

 lated in a similar manner; thus every part of the place wears a light 

 and cheerful appearance, and as there is free escape for all impure 

 exhalations from the cattle and the litter, and as powdered gypsum 

 is scattered about when and wherever necessary, the building is 

 entirely free from any unpleasant smell. In the centre of this covered 

 path, or main avenue, is a tramway which runs down to the tanks, mid 

 is to be continued on into the sheep-house, which is placed at the 

 bottom, at the extreme west end. On passing along about two-thirds 

 of this avenue, you come to a turn-table on the tram-way, the Une 

 being intersected here, at a right angle, by another avenue or transept, 

 on which also a tramway is laid, which runs across the building from 

 north to south, and on each side of which are cattle-boxes the south 

 end of it running into the building containing the boxes and stalls for 

 the dairy cows. Leaving the main avenue at its western end (at the 

 tanks), you cross a yard and enter the sheep-house, a spacious building 

 at the extreme west of the premises, with an open railed floor, and pits 

 imderneath for the manure. Here there is ample room for about 400 

 sheep, for 250 or 300 ewes, and for 100 fat sheep, which latter arc tied 

 up at rack and manger. Right and left of this sheep-house and of the 

 open yard between it and the tanks and manure shed, and occupying 

 the south- -west and the north-west corners or wings of the premises, 

 are sheds and yards for young cattle, for 30 head of which there is 

 ample room. 



