737 



HOSPITAL. 



HOSPODAR. 



738 



per week. Among numerous appeals to the legislature, one in 184 

 made a considerable impression ; it was a petition signed by 25,00i 

 frame-work knitters. The government employed Mr. Muggeridge as a 

 commissioner, to make minute inquiries in the three midland counties 

 He examined no less than 600 witnesses, and came to a conclusion 

 that the legislature should step in to protect the artisans. All th 

 leading statesmen, however, felt that any interference between employers 

 and employed on a matter of wages lies beyond the functions of the 

 British legislature ; and nothing particular was effected. After many 

 years' more complaining, a Committee of the House of Commons 

 investigated the subject in 1857. A volume of 700 folio pages, con 

 taining an immense mass of information, was the result of this 

 inquiry; and a few words from the Report of the Committee wil 

 suffice to show the singular commercial economy of the trade 

 Foreign competition, improvements in machinery, and changes o; 

 fashion, have tended to lower the wages of those who work on the 

 old hosiery-f rames ; and this lowering, it is contended, is aggravated by 

 the mode of paying wages. "The middle-man supplies the workman 

 with frames and other machinery, sometimes belonging to himself, and 

 sometimes hired of the manufacturers and other owners. When he 

 settles with the workman, he deducts out of the gross price per dozen ol 

 the work performed first, a sum as rent for the use of the frame ; 

 (secondly, a sum for winding the yarn, which is a necessary operation ; 

 thirdly, A sum to remunerate himself for the use of the premises where 

 the work is performed, and for the standing-room of the frame ; and 

 fourthly, a sum for his trouble and loss of time in procuring and 

 carrying to the workman the materials to be manufactured, for the 

 responsibility to the manufacturer for the due return of the materials 

 when manufactured, for superintending the work itself, for his pains in 

 sorting the goods when made, and for re-delivering them at the ware- 

 house of the manufacturer. The manufacture is carried on, in many 

 instances, at the houses of the workmen, and in places distant from 

 the residence of the manufacturer ; with no communication between 

 him and the workmen except by the intervention of the middleman. 

 It has become a custom almost universal in Leicestershire, to charge 

 1. per week rent for a frame, whether it be old or new, and whether 

 it be worked by man, woman, or child ; this, it is quite certain, yields 

 a very handsome profit on the capital expended in purchasing the 

 frame. One manufacturer, in 1857, employed 2000 frames, one half 

 on nel by himself and the other half by middlemen; but all these 

 frames alike were charged Is. per week to the knitters who used them. 

 It is nevertheless evident that this is a matter with which the legis- 

 lature can hardly deal; the net actual earnings will, in spite of 

 legislation, depend on the ratio between supply and demand among 

 manufacturers, middlemen, and workmen ; it might be altered in name, 

 but not in substance. The Committee of 1857, like the Commission 

 of 1844, failed to produce any legislation on the subject. 



A few figures relating to the export and import of hosiery, in 1857, 

 will suffice as an illustration applicable to recent years : 



Kx POETS. 



Dozen Pairs. Declared Value. 



Cotton stockings 1,020,01(1 312,000 



Cotton hosiery and small wares . . . . 325,000 



Silk stockings 9,300 13,000 



Bilk hosiery and small wares . . . . . 36,000 



Silk and cotton stockings . . . 8,700 6,000 



Silk and cotton hosiery and small wares . . 7,000 



Worsted stockings 190,000 133,000 



Worsted hosiery and small wares . . . 215,000 



Cotton glorca 

 Cotton stockings 

 Worsted glotcs 



IMPORTS. 



l)o/i-n Pairs. 

 . 170,000 

 . . 490,000 

 . 6,400 



Average Value. 

 '.\\'l , per pair. 

 ( lil., stockings. 

 \ Id., socks. 



ML 



Our exports were chiefly to Australia and the United States ; the 

 imports chiefly from the Hanse Towns. 



HOSPITAL (sometimes called simply tpital, from the French h6pi- 

 tat), a place endowed for the reception of the sick or support of infirm 

 persons. The first hospital for the sick is said by Moncez to have been 

 founded in the latter part of the 4th century. Hospitals intended 

 merely for the relief of poor and indigent persons in England are pecu- 

 liarly called Aliia-lvtHscg. At an earlier date hospital signified a place 

 of shelter or entertainment for travellers upon the road, more especially 

 for pilgrims. Spenser in the ' Fairy Queen/ uses the word in this 

 sense: 



" They spy'd a goodly castle, placed 

 , Foreby a river in a pleasant dale, 



Which, chasing for that evening's hoipital, 

 They thither march'd." 



' The Maiaon de Dieu at Dover, St. John's Hospital at Warwick, and 

 Rome others, were expressly founded for the reception and entertain- 

 ment of pilgrims and travellers. 



Many of the charitable endowments in Kngland are called hospitals, 

 and are incorporated bodies, consisting of a master, brethren, and occa- 

 sionally other members. Some of these foundations have also schools 



ARTS AND 8CI. DIV. VOL. IV. 



attached to them. But the name is now more generally restricted to 

 places for the reception of sick, or wounded persons, and such hospitals 

 are very numerous in the United Kingdom. In London, the chief 

 exceptions are the Foundling Hospital, for the reception of illegitimate 

 children, abandoned by their fathers ; Christ's Hospital, an educa- 

 tional establishment for the teaching of classical learning ; Chelsea and 

 Greenwich Hospitals for the reception of aged and infirm soldiers and 

 seamen ; and Bethlehem and St. Luke's Hospitals for lunatics, Medical 

 and surgical hospitals are established in every large town throughout 

 the kingdom ; and in London there are many. The oldest, and perhaps 

 even yet the most important, are St. Bartholomew's, founded in 1122 ; 

 St. Thomas's, changed from a religious establishment to a medical 

 hospital in 1551 ; and Guy's, opened for the reception of patients in 

 1725. These three are supported by endowments, and are very wealthy. 

 All the other hospitals for the sick, in the country, as well as in London, 

 are supported mainly by voluntary contributions. As to the manage- 

 ment of their revenues and their general superintendence, hospitals 

 are on the same legal footing as other charities. 



The construction of hospitals is a subject which has recently engaged 

 much attention among architects, physicians, and sanitary reformers. 

 The systems which have found the ablest advocates are those known 

 as the pai-ilion and the corridor; but a discussion of their respective 

 merits would evidently be beyond our province. It will be enough 

 to say that hospitals for the sick require to be well situated, thoroughly 

 drained, to have the rooms or patients' wards lofty, well lighted and 

 ventilated, and sufficiently and equably warmed. Without these re- 

 quisites the care and attention of the physician will be either in vain, 

 or materially obstructed. 



HOSPITALLERS. Hospitaller, in its literal acceptation, means 

 one residing in an hospital, in order to receive the poor or stranger ; 

 from the Latin hospitatarius, a word found only in the language of 

 the lower age. The Knighta Hospitallers were an order of religious 

 formerly settled in England, who took their name and origin from an 

 hospital built at Jerusalem for the use of pilgrims going to the Holy 

 Land, dedicated to St. John Baptist. The first business of these 

 knights was to provide for such pilgrims at that hospital, and to protect 

 them from injuries and insults upon the road. They were instituted 

 about the year 1092, and were very much favoured by Godfrey of 

 Bouillon and his successor Baldwin king of Jerusalem. They followed 

 chiefly St. Augustine's rule, and wore a black habit with a white cross 

 upon it. They soon came into England, and had a house built for them 

 in Clerkenwell, London, in 1100; and from a poor and mean beginning 

 obtained so great wealth, honours, and exemptions, that their Superior 

 here in England was the first lay-baron, and had a seat among the 

 lords in parliament ; and some of their privileges were extended even 

 to their tenants. The order was suppressed in England by the 32 

 Hen. VIII., c. 24, on the ground that the knights sent money out of 

 the kingdom, abetted the usurpations of the pope, defamed the king 

 and his subjects ; adding that their revenues would be better spent in 

 the defence of the kingdom. 



There were also sisters of this order, of which one house only existed 

 in England, at Bucklands in Somersetshire. 



Upon many of their manors and estates in the country the Knight* 

 Hospitallers placed small societies of their brethren, under the govern- 

 ment of a commander. These were allowed proper maintenance out of 

 the revenues under their care, and they accounted for the remainder to 

 the grand prior at London. Such societies were in consequence called 

 Commanderies. What were commanderies with the Hospitallers were 

 called Preceptories by the Templars, though the latter term was iu use 

 with both orders. 



The Knights Hospitallers had several other designations. Thev 

 were at first called Knights of St. John of Jerusalem ; afterwards, 

 from' their fresh place of settlement, Knights of Bhodes ; and after 

 the loss of that island in 1522, Knights of Malta, from the island 

 which had been bestowed upon them by the emperor Charles V. The 

 order still exists under this title, and the chief, or grand commander 

 still resides at Malta. 



(Tanner, Notit. Monatt. ; Dugdale, Monuaticun Anglicanum ; Collier's 

 Eccleriattifal Hiitory of Great Britain.) 



HOSPODAR is the title of the persons formerly sent by the Turkish 

 sultan to govern Moldavia and Wallachia, the two provinces north of 

 ;he Danube. These governors for more than a century were taken 

 from the principal Greek families of the Fanar, such as Maurocordato, 

 Joutzo, Caradja, Morousi, Callimachi, Ypsilanti, &c. They assumed 

 ,he title of princes, and were addressed as " Most Serene Highness." 

 They held in their respective capitals, Bucharest and Jassy, a nume- 

 rous court, consisting chiefly of Fanariote Greeks, and were in fact 

 i liiin.it absolute sovereigns during the time of their administration. 

 This however might be shortened at the pleasure of the Porte, which 

 often recalled them, and put them to death. At the time of the Greek 

 revolution in 1821 the Hospodar of Moldavia, Prince Michael Soutzo, 

 escaped into the Russian territory, and his relative the Hospodar or 

 5 rince of Wallachia was poisoned. The present government of those 

 .wo principalities is vested in one hospodar, elected separately by the 

 wo principalities; who is assisted by representative assemblies, the 

 .wo principalities having acquired a sort of independence, though 

 acknowledging the suzerainty of the Turkish sultan, whose consent is 

 necessary to the instalment of the hospodar. 



SB 



