1IVPOOE1C ACID. 



HYPOTHEC. 



804 



any appearance* of uMamsn corresponding to the frightful picture 

 which they draw of their suffering*, we take them for visionaries ; and 

 such, in iii.t instances, they really are. M. Leuret relates the ease of 

 a hypochondriac, who one day, among other symptoms of which he 

 complained at great length, said that he oould extend his leg ilowly only 

 and with difficulty, and to show to what an extremity ha wa* reduced 

 he lifted the limb with an appearance of great effort. " Well I what 

 can you wish moref" inquired M. LeurcU "Zounds;" cried he 

 abruptly, " to do thi ; " and at the came time he extended his leg with 

 great freedom and force. M. Leuret could not restrain his laughter ; 

 and his patient, on peroaiTing the mistake that he had made, laughed 

 al*o moat heartily. 



The sufferinga of hypocbondriaoi have been called imaginary, and, if 

 it is meant that they are a product of the imagination, the ap| 

 U just ; but the appellation of imaginary " is fale if it U pr. - 

 that they are not roally felt. Of all patients, those whose diseases are 

 imaginary prubably suffer the moat. In many cases however these 

 parsons are affected with a real disease, and the term hypochondrias!* 

 u applicablu to them only in consequence of their having their atten- 

 tion constantly fixed on their complaint, and of their experiencing a 

 degree of fear and sadnea* which their condition does not warrant. 



Hypochondrias!* U frequently witnessed in young men of studious 

 habits, aud is the result of intellectual application too much prolonged. 

 There is a class of students who, from the nature of their studies, are 

 frequently affected with it we allude to students in medicine. The 

 descriptions which they read and hear of diseases, and the continual 

 observation of the sick, affect their imaginations. They learn that 

 incurable iliiK^r^ often arise in the most insidious manner. They 

 apply to themselves te lesions they have just learned ; but as these 

 lessons are very incomplete, their application is false, and they discover 

 in themselves a number of diseases of which there is no real existence. 

 There are few physicians who, in recalling to their minds the period of 

 their first studies, and the sick whom they first visited, do not at the 

 same time remember the inquietude which they experienced respect- 

 ing their own health. Persons in the habit of reading medical books 

 run the same risk as medical students, and are similarly affected. 



Another very fertile source of hypochondrias!* is luxury, and the 

 want of occupation and exercise. The hypocbondriasis produced by 

 this cause is the most obstinate of all, and is at once the despair of the 

 patient and the torment of the physician. Happy are those whom the 

 possession of a competence, earned by the labour of each day, preserves 

 from such a malady. Poverty itself, with all its privations, is attended 

 with less misery than the riches of the hypochondriac. 



Hypochondria*!* occasionally results from other causes, such as mis- 

 fortunes, the excesses to which young men ore addicted, and the pro- 

 longed and injudicious use of medicines. 



The treatment of bypuchondriasis must of course vary in some 

 degree with its cause. We must endeavour to allay the groundless 

 fears of hypochondriacs, and by a change in their mode of life, and by 

 diverting their attention, to break the habit which they hvve formed 

 mually brooding over themselves. The first point, and which 

 is quite essential, is that the patient should have an entire confidence 

 in his physician. Confidence begets tranquillity, and banishes all those 

 symptoms that originate in fear. 



If bypocboudriasis result from severe study, a relaxation from 

 labour, and the distractions of society, with a country life, will prove 

 the most efficacious remedies. 



If it is occasioned by idleness and luxury, a solid and permanent cure 

 can rarely be obtained except by a life of occupation, a moderate re- 

 gimen, and bodily exercise long sustained. The field sports of this 

 country are admirably adapted to the fulfilment of these conditions. 

 Instances have been recorded of patients having been freed from the 

 hypochondrias!* to which they have been long a prey by the lews of 

 their fortunes, or by some calamity which roused them from their 

 state' of apathy and rendered exertion imperative. 



In all cases a remedy must be sought for in the banishment of their 

 groundless fears, in a change in their mode of life, and in scenes that 

 withdraw them from the continual contemplation of themselves. 



HYPOOEIC ACID (f, .Hj.,0.). An acid homologous with oleio 

 acid, obtained along with araelndic acid by saponifying the oil ex- 

 pressed from the seeds of the Aracku kypoyaa. It crystallises in 

 needles, soluble in alcohol and ether. [ARACIIIUIC AciD.l 



liYI'-'MTKIC ACID. [NmwoM.l 



HYI'OMTUOMKCONIC ACID. [OPIUM, ALKALOIDS o; NAB- 

 ooonj 



HTPOV1TBOU8 ACID. [Hmoon.] 



BYPOPHOHPHOBOOBA&D. (PROW-HOBOS.] 



HYI'ul'ltiN (from frrafcriw), a collection of purulent matter in the 

 anterior chamber of the eye. Mr. Lawrence (' Treatise on Diseases of 

 the Kyes'i shows that this should not be regarded as a separate disease, 

 but as the result of inflammation of some part adjacent to the anterior 

 chamber. Tb purulent matter is in some cases secreted by the mem- 

 brane of the aqueous humour ; in others it proceeds from the bursting 

 of an abscess of the cornea or of the iris. The pus poured into the 

 anterior chamber being heavier than the fluid which naturally fills that 

 cavity, falls to the bottom, and produces an opaque spot whirh i 

 visible through the cornea, and has its upper edge horizontal, and its 

 lower edge, which is bounded by the margin of the cornea, crescentic. 



The affection is always accompanied by inflammation of part or of the 

 whole of the tissues of the eye, and, like all other such oases, requires 

 active antiphlogistic treatment 



HYIMSri.l'HAMYLIC ACID (C 10 H,AO.V An acid similar to 

 the byposulphethylic acid, but containing the radical amyl in the place 

 of ethyl. [HrrOBULPUETHTLlo ACID.] 



HYPOSULPHETHYLIC ACID. Synonymous with l] t yUuJi>hu- 

 rota acid. [Kriivt..] 



HYPOSULPHINDIGOTIC ACID. [Iinnoa] 



HYPO8ULPHONAPHTHALIC Ad D. [NAPHTHALIO GROUP.] 



HYPOSULPHONAPHTINIO ACID. [XAPBTHALIO GROUP.] 



HYPOBULPHURIC ACID. [SULPHUR.] 



HYI'osl'U'HUROUSACID. [BOWSUB.] 



I m ' i T H KG (from the Greek foro64i, * security, literally the sub- 

 jection of a thing to the authority of another person) is a term derived 

 .from the civil law, still in use in the law of Scotland, and in that of 

 France with the lingual variation hf/pothique ; while, though in the 

 law of England it is not a received technical expression, it is occasionally 

 used for describing any species of security holding the character which 

 the word was employed by the civilians to represent. Hypothecs in 

 its proper acceptation signified a right of security over something which 

 was not placed in the creditor's possession, in contradistinction to 

 pignus, which applied to what is now termed a pledge. See the dis- 

 tinction, pretty clearly drawn, in the Institutes of Justinian, 4. <!. 7 

 and in the Digest, 18. 7 ; 9. 2 : " Proprto pignus dicimus, quod'ad credi- 

 torem transit; hypothecam, cum non transit nee possesslo ad creditor, i / 1." 

 But the distinction is often lost eight of, even in the original authorities 

 of the civil law ; for the Roman lawyer Marcianus says that the .lit!; r- 

 ence between the two expressions is merely nominal (D. 20. 1, 5); and 

 see Brissouius de Verborum Signification!-, atet Hypotheca. Hypothecs 

 were distinguished into those created by contract, and the tacit or 

 praetorian, admitted in certain circumstances without stipulation. The 

 law on the subject will be found in the Pandects, lib. xiii. tit. vii. de 

 Pignoratitia Actione, ic. (above referred to) ; in lib. xx. de Pignoribus 

 et Hypothecis ; and in the Code, lib. viii. tit. xiv. The reader will 

 also find a short but clear summary of the Roman rules on this sub- 

 ject in Warnkcenig's ' Institutions Juris Romani,' lib. ii. cap. V. 

 450-478. 



The several securities over real property in various parts of the 

 empire, which can be completed without the absolute transfer of the 

 property to the creditor, are so many illustrations of consensual hypo- 

 thecs in that description of property. Consensual hypothecs in rnove- 

 ables ore nearly unknown in the British empire, as the law, studying 

 the. interests of commerce, has discouraged any latent right in favour 

 of an individual over merchandise and other moveable goods while 

 they are left apparently at the disposal of the original owner, and are 

 liable to be viewed by all who transact with him as his property. 

 Bottomry and Respondentia ore perhaps the only instances in which it 

 is countenanced. But there are still some tacit hypothecs created liy 

 the operation of law, affording a preference to particular 01 - 

 the property of a poison who cannot or will not pay all his debts. 

 Used in this sense, hypothec is properly the counterpart of lien, the 

 former being a tacit security over property which is in the <! 

 hands, the latter over property in the creditor's hands. Those pro- 

 visions in the excise laws which give the revenue a preference over 

 exciseable commodities, and the instruments vised in tin 'ir manu- 

 facture, ore strictly the creation of tacit hypothecs. The provisions in 

 the bankrupt acU for paying servants' wages am! other debts out of 

 the readiest funds of the bankrupt are the establishment of a t 

 hypothec over the estate. 



In Scotland, the landlord's privilege to seize the tenant's goods for 

 arrears of rent is called a hypothec while it is uncxcrcised; that is to say, 

 before execution against them is comm* ncnl the landlord is said to 

 have a hypothec over the goods ; and this right, it is said, covers not 

 only the ordinary rent, but also the additional rent stipulated in the 

 event of deviation from the terms of the cultivation clauses (but this 

 doctrine lion been strongly attacked). On an agricultural farm the 

 crop stands hypothecated for the rent of the year of which it is the 

 produce. The landlord's right exists so long as the crop is on the 

 farm, and it extends to the revendication of it even tn-m .1 '-<{ flde 

 purchaser within three months after the rent has fallen duo, unless he 

 have been a purchaser by bulk in open market. The hypothec for 

 other effects as the cattle on a farm, the tenant's furniture in a house 

 subsists over the whole for each term's rent, and gives a preference 

 for three months after the rent is due. The landlord's hypothec is 

 not affected by the bankrupt statutes. In Mr. Hunter's able treatise 

 on ' Landlord and Tenant,' the origin and effect of this branch of the 

 law of Scotland is discussed with great clearness ami \ 

 for the purposes of practical reference the reader is ref' i 

 work; the following points, however, extracted from it, are deserving 

 notice : 1st, that the earliest, and indeed the original, remedy given 

 the landlord for the recovery of his rent, was by brieve of distress; 

 and that, 2ndly,it was not till the beginning of the 17th reiiinn 

 that the term hypothec appeared in thu decisions, from an.' 

 which period distress ceased and hypothecation prevailed; Srdly, tint 

 there is so obvious a distinction between these two remedies, arising 

 from the more extensive operation of hypothecation in following and 

 realising the (effects, as to lead to the conclusion that the rules and 



