813 



I. 



ICE. 



814 



I 



I is a rowel which represents two very different sounds in different 

 languages. In this country it denotes a rapid pn inundation of the 

 diphthong ai. In French, Italian, and many other tongues, its sound 

 ia identical with that of the English e. In the series of the vowels 

 established by the experiments uf Mr. Willis [ALPHABET], t, as 

 denoting the latter sound, lies at one of the two extremes. It is pro- 

 nounced with the lips retracted go as to shorten the vocal tube, 

 whereas the same organs are protruded to produce the sound repre- 

 sented at the other extremity by . The various forms which have 

 been used to represent the hitter i may be seen in the article already 

 quoted, cols. 240, 241. The character there given as used by the 

 Phoenicians and early Greeks ia somewhat complicated, and differs 

 widely from the single stroke into which it eventually degenerated. 

 In this last state it was the simplest of all the alphabetical characters, 

 and was therefore well adapted to be the symbol of a small quantity. 

 In this sense the terms a jod and an iotu are still retained, jvd being 

 the Hebrew, iota the Greek name for the character. 

 The letter U interchangeable as follows : 



1. With the diphthongs ai, ai, ci. This may be seen most distinctly 

 in the Latin language, where alait, reyuairo, pueroi, pueroit, nullaiut, 

 deico, &o., were corrupted into edit, require, piuri, puerlt, ntilRut, dim. 

 In the same language, when one i waa followed by another ', it was 

 not uncommon to denote them by a single long i, as tibicm, Chlui, 

 alitu (gen.), inicitia, for tibiieen, Chiiui, aliiui, iwciitia. In such cases 

 it was a common practice to give greater length to the letter, thus, 

 oalvg. 



2. The short t was interchangeable with nearly all the short vowels, 

 more particularly in the penult syllables of polysyllabic words, which 

 are very_ indistinctly pronounced. Thus the Greek mechani is in 

 Latin markina. In the same manner the Nomad races of North 

 Africa are called by the Greeks Nomadet, by the Romans A' 

 Again, ivinoi and animiu are kindred words. B^nitat must have been 

 originally banotat, and would have been written in Greek with a ter- 

 mination -(mjf. Lastly, in a large number of words a short u degenerated 

 into an i : as mtuumu*, decSma, recilpero, maritumiu, tcnbumtu (com- 

 pare tumut), into maj-imui, decimut, recipero, maritimiu, irr, 

 K\vn Cicero wrote all these words with a a, though our editions give 

 an t. 



8. A short before n or m is not unfrequently in French changed 

 into at or a. Thus the Gallic town Inculitma is the origin of the name 

 Angottltmt : riicere U in French raincre, 4c. 



4. In the same language the vowel t is changed into ol very com- 

 monly, as titis, toif; mi, moi ; Jldtt, foi; Lajerie, Loire, da., and this 

 though the i in Latin be short. 



5. / ut often inserted in French or Spanish words before the vowel 

 e : miW, him, vient, &c., from the Latin mcl, bene, i-enit. 



6. The vowel is often inserted after the vowels a, o, and u in the 

 French language, particularly when a contraction has taken place, as 

 aimer, conaottre, reduire, from aware, coffnoicere, reducert. 



7. When the vowel i in the Latin language hag a vowel after it, and 

 is preceded by one of the consonant* p, b ; t, d; c, g ; the derived 

 languages have often a sibilant in the place of the former consonant. 

 Thu tapiam ia in French tache : rabiet, rage ; ratio, raiton ; media*, 

 in Italian meizo (compare the Greek nro,). The double sound 

 of c and g in our own language appears to have originated in this 

 way. 



8. A similar change occurs even hi other cases, as timid, Fr. tinge ; 

 mndeinia, vendanye ; lineut, linye. 



IAMBICS, a species of verse composed of a succession of iambi (" "), 

 or equivalent feet, was freely used both by Greek and Latin poets. 

 According to Aristotle (' De Poetic.'), the iambic measure wai first 

 employed in satirical poems, called iambi, which appear to have been 

 represented or acted ; since Plato (' De Rep.,' vii. 17) forbid* boys to be 

 pectetora of iambi and comedieg. The iambic is the most common 

 i in the Greek tragic poete. We are informed by Aristotle (' De 

 Poetic. ) that " originally the trochaic tetrameter was made use of, as 

 er gmted to the satyric and saltatorial genius of the poem at that 

 ; but when the dialogue wag formed, nature itself pointed out the 

 proper metre ; for the iambic is of all metres the most colloquial, as 

 evidently from this fact, that our common conversation fre- 

 quently fall* into iambic verse, seldom into hexameter, and only when 

 depart from the usual melody of speech." (Twining'g ' Tnuul.,' 



In the following table a lirt i riven of the feet which may be 

 1 in the iambic metre in the Greek tragic poetg, which u 



usually failed the tragic trimeter acatalectic, because it consists of 

 three entire metres, or six feet : 



The anapaest hi proper pames is also introduced in every place of the 

 verse except the last, with this general restriction, that the anapaest 

 should be contained in one word. The comic trimeter admits the 

 same feet as the tragic, and also a dactyl in the fifth place, and an 

 anapaest in common words in every place but the last. 



Much of the beauty of the iambic trimeter depends upon the ctcsura 

 [C.ESUBA], which usually occurs in the middle of the third or the 

 middle of the fourth foot ; as, for example : 



o! M-P 9fAoKTt | 



w (Spas Kpdnv. 



One of these caesuras may be considered as generally necessary ; the 

 ciesura in the middle of the third foot is much more common than in 

 the middle of the fourth. There is also frequently a caesura in the 

 middle of the second or the middle of the fifth foot. "When a line is 

 divided in the middle of a verse with the elision of a short vowel, or of 

 the little words Se, /, af, yt, T{, that division is called by prosodians 

 the quati-caiura ; as, for example : 



ywaij! TrapBemis -r' \ Inrjf3\eirros /ieVa. 



For an account of the other Iambic metres employed by the Greek 

 and Latin poets, see Hermann, ' Element* Doctrince Metricss.' 



In English poetry the iambic metre is very common ; as, for 

 example : 



" On Lln'den, whe'n the u'n wa lo'w, 

 All bluo'dless la'y th* untro'dden spoV, 

 And dar'k as win'ter wa'i the flo'w," &c. 



ICE. In several preceding articles of the present division of this 

 Encyclopaedia, reference has been made to the article now commenced 

 for an account of an important fact among the properties of ice, which, 

 from the investigation it has received at the hands of several of the 

 most eminent living men of science, has been elevated almost to the 

 position of a principle in physics. This is the property of HEOELATION, 

 by which liquefied ice remaining in contact with ice still solid, returns 

 itself to the solid state. 



In the year 1850, Professor Faraday invited attention, in a scientific 

 point of view, to the fact that two pieces of moist ice, when placed 

 in contact, will unite together, even when the surrounding temperature 

 is such as to keep them in a thawing state. He showed experimentally 

 that when two pieces of ice at 32 Fahr., with moistened surfaces, were 

 placed in contact, they became cemented together by the freezing of 

 the film of water between them. When the ice was below 32, and 

 therefore dry, no adhesion took place between the pieces; and he 

 referred, in illustration of this point, to the well-known experiment of 

 making a snowball. In frosty Wfiather the dry particles of ice will 

 scarcely cohere, but when the snow is in a thawing condition, it may 

 be squeezed into a hard compact mass. He attributed this phenomenon 

 to a property which he supposed ice to possess, of tending to solidify 

 water in contact with it, and of tending more strongly to solidify a 

 film or a particle of water, when the water has ice in contact with it 

 on both sides, than when it has ice on only one side. 



To these Professor Tyndall afterwards added the following illus- 

 trative facts. " On one of the warmest days of last July [1856], when 

 the thermometer stood at upwards of 80 Fahr. in the shade, and above 

 100 in the sun, a pile of ice-blocks " being observed in a shop-window, 

 the observer " thought it interesting to examine whether the pieces 

 were united at their places of contact. Laying hold of the topmost 

 block, the whole heap, consisting of several large lumps, was lifted 

 bodily out of its vessel. Even at this high temperature the pieces 

 were frozen together at the places of contact, though the ice all round 

 these places had been melted away, leaving the lumps in some cases 

 united by slender cylinders of the substance. A similar experiment 

 may be made in water as hot as the hands can bear ; two pieces of 

 ice will freeze together, and sometimes continue so frozen in the hot 

 water until, as hi the case above mentioned, the melting of the ice 



