IN.irXCTK'N. 



INK. 



871 



been incurred subsequently to the inhibition, but not c 



The mixed right* thus occasioned are often productive of very intricate 



questions. 



INJUNCTION in Equity. An injunction is writ, issuing by the 

 order and under the seal of a court of equity, to restrain parties from 

 proceeding in other court*, from negociating notes or bills of exchange 

 to prevent the sailing of a ship, the alienation of a i>ecific chattel, to 

 prevent waste by felling timber or pulling down buildings, the infringe- 

 ment of patent* or copyright, to repress nuisances, and to put an end 

 to vexatious litigation. It is impossible here to enumerate the variety 

 of cases in which a plaintiff in equity is entitled to the relief afforded 

 by the writ of injunction. 



An injunction may be obtained ex parte, and behind the back of the 

 defendant (as the phrase is), immediately after filing a bill, upon 

 motion supported by affidavit; or it may be moved for after the 

 defendant has answered the plaintiff's bill, and on the merits of the 

 case as appearing from the defendant's answer ; and if an injunction 

 t... been obtained ex parte, the defendant may immediately move to 

 dissolve it on affidavits, even before he puts in his answer. 



An ex parte injunction, that ia to say, without notice, cannot be 

 moved for after the defendant has appeared. 



INJUNCTION at Late. By the Patent Law Amendment Act, 1852, 

 power waa given to any court in which an action for infringement of 

 patent should be pending to direct an injunction if it should see fit. 



By the Common Law Procedure Act, 1854, court* of common law 

 may grant an injunction, when claimed upon the writ of summons, in 

 ftnai of breach of contract, or other injury, where the party injured is 

 entitled to maintain and has brought an action. Such injunction is by 

 way of supplement to the common judgment, and is against the 

 repetition or continuance of such breach of contract, or other injury, 

 or the committal of any breach of contract or injury of a like kind, 

 arising out of the same contract, or relating to the some property or 

 right. 



This common law injunction has seldom been applied for, or obtained ; 

 and a bill has recently been introduced into the House of Lords by 

 Lord Chancellor Campbell, for, inter alia, enabling courts of law to 

 grant upon motion exclusive protection against probable violation of 

 legal, as distinguished from equitable, rights. The Roman interdiction 

 was in many respects similar to the injunction. [IXTKIIDUT.] 



INJURY, INJURIES. Blackstone, after treating of Rights, pro 

 ceeds in his third book to " consider the wrongs that ore forbidden and 

 redressed by the laws of England." He then divide* wrongs into two 

 sort* or species private wrongs and public wrongs. To private wrongs 

 he also gives the name of civil injuries, as being " the infringement or 

 violation of the private or civil right* belonging to individuals con- 

 sidered as individuals." Public wrongs are " a breach and violation of 

 public right* and duties," and " are distinguished by the harsher appel- 

 lation of crimes and misdemeanours." 



The true nature of injuria is, however, contained by implication in 

 another expression in Blackstone : " The contemplation of what is jut 

 is necessarily prior to what may be termed injuria." For as ju is law, 

 so injuria is something that is not jus, or is forbidden by jus. An 

 injury, then, in the English law, is some illegal act; but the word is 

 commonly used to express an illegal act done to a man or his property, 

 for which he may by legal process get compensation. The English 

 legal mMim that a man cannot recover damages or compensation when 

 there is a tlamnitm abtque injuria, contains in it the true meaning of 

 injuria or injury. The act must be an illegal act in order to entitle a 

 man to compensation. If a man's acts damage the property of another, 

 without being such set* as are forbidden, the person who is damaged 

 can get no compensation. For instance, a man may set up a grocer's 

 shop next door to another shop, and get all his neighbour's custom, 

 which is a grievous tlamnum, but no injuria. It ia true that the nature 

 of the damage may in some cases help to determine whether it is a 

 legal injury or not; but the true question always must be whet In i 

 the act complained of ia either at common law or by statute an injuria, 

 an unlawful act. 



The Roman word injuria, as already observed, signifies generally 

 anything which is done contrary to law (quod non jure factum est, hoc 

 est contra jus). In it* narrow sense, injuria was limited to unlawful 

 acts that affected a man's person, not his property, at least not directly 

 It comprehended personal violence, such as beating a man, and using 

 abusive words to him, and libelling him. Injuria might be done to a 

 man either in his own person or in the person of those who were in 

 his power, as his children and slaves, or in his hand (manu), as his 

 wife. The mode of proceeding was by the actio injuriarum. (Gains 

 iiu 220-225.) 



The nature of Roman injuria, in it* limited sense, is, therefore, it 

 appears, different from that of injury in English law, OH properly under 

 stood ; for injurie* in English law, or civil injuries, or private wrong", 

 as Blackstone calls them, comprehend all the wrongs that arc treated ol 

 in his third book that in, all wrongs except crimes and misdemeanours. 

 The Roman injuria belong* both to the head of law criminal and non 

 criminal. In some caaes damages were got ; in others, the offender 

 was punished in his person : in some cases he might be punished by a 

 pecuniary penalty and in his person also. 



INK, for the various purpose* to which it is applied, is composed o! 

 very dissimilar ingredient*. It may be treated of under the heads 



>f Writing Ink, Indian Ink, Prinlcri Ink, Marking Ink, and 

 Sympathetic Ink. 



Writing Ink. The writing ink of the ancient* was essentially dif - 

 ferent front that which is now employed. It* basis was finely -divided 

 charcoal, mixed with some mucilaginous or adhesive fluid ; it was 

 much less destructible than modem writing ink, and more resembled 

 printers' ink, both in the nature of it* colouring ingredient and 

 its indestructibility. 



Writing ink is now a chemical compound, and not a mere mechanical 

 mixture. ltd basis is proto-gallate and proto-tannate - i ii.,ii. which 

 by oxidisement becomes per-gallate and per-tounate ; and it is owing 

 to the oxygen of the air effecting this change gradually that recent 

 writing is of a comparatively light colour, and that it subsequently 

 becomes block. Many processes have been given for preparing writing 

 ink. The common ingredients are galls and sulphate of iron ; in fact, 

 while printers' ink may be considered as a black paint, writing ink 

 be regarded as a black dye. The following, which is recommended l.y 

 Mr. Brando, gives, he says, an excellent ink, and it jKMsesses the merit 

 of greater simplicity than most others : Aleppo gulls, bruised, ozs. ; 

 sulphate of iron, 4 ozs.; gum arable, 4 ozs.; water, 6 pint*. Boil the 

 galls in the water, then add the other ingredients, and keep the whole 

 1:1.1 well-stopped bottle, occasionally shakTng it. In two months strain 

 and pour off the ink into glass bottles, which must be well corked. To 

 prevent mould, add one grain of corrosive sublimate, or three drops of 

 creosote, to each pint of ink. Mr. Brande observes, that, " In mating 

 good writing ink the great object is to regulate the proportion of sulphate 

 of iron to the galls. If it be in excess, although the ink may at first 

 appear black, it becomes subsequently brown and yellow. Hence some 

 time should elapse before ink is used after the ingredient* are put 

 together, in order to be tested from time to time, and the combin 

 perfectly regulated." Gum is added to retain the colouring matter in 

 suspension, to prevent too great fluidity in the writing, and to protect 

 the vegetable matter from decomposition. Logwood and other vege- 

 table astringent* have been tried, but do not yield a permanent ink. 



When writing has through age become yellow and indistinct 

 because the vegetable matter has decayed, and mere rust, or peroxide 

 of iron, is left. By carefully applying infusion of galls, the writing 

 may be rendered blacker and more legible. This method was success- 

 fully adopted ill deciphering the MS. of Gains, a work on Roman law 

 which attracted great attention among learned men in Germany about 

 forty years ago, and which for a long time resisted all attempt* to 

 decipher it. Modern writing ink, unlike the ancient, is readily 

 destroyed by chlorine, acids, and alkalies. Indeed, if paper ha* been 

 made from inferior rags, bleached by excess of chlorine, the ink, how- 

 ever good, will be ultimately discoloured. Sulphate of copper is occa- 

 sionally added to ink, and some authorities direct it to be prepared 

 with the addition of vinegar ; but these substance* are rather injurious 

 than otherwise. 



Blue writing ink is now much used; made sometimes from indigo, 

 and sometimes from Prussian blue as a basis. 



ii /l\ The cakes of this ink are made of lamp-black and 

 size or animal glue, with the addition of perfumes or other sub.-t 

 not essential to its quality an an ink. It is used in China with a brush, 

 both for writing and for painting upon paper of Chinese mania 

 It is used in Europe for designs in black and white, in which it possesses 

 the advantage of affording various depths of shade, according to the 

 degree of dilution with water. The common lamp-black of the shop* 

 is not sufficiently fine for the purpose ; it requires to be made with 

 peculiar care. 



Printers' Ink is of two kinds : for letter-press printing and f< >r . 

 plate printing. Printers' ink is prepared by boiling linseed or nut 

 oil in on iron pot ; and if it does not take fire of itself, it is kind!. 

 suffered to burn for about half an hour ; the flame is then ex tin. 

 by closely covering the vessel ; and the oil is by this operation found to 

 have acquired the necessary drying quality, after being again boilc <1. 

 It is then mixed with a proper quantity of lamp-black, when black ink 

 i ie,|iiired; if red ink be required, the colouring matter empl 

 vermilion, for finer works. Copper-plate printer's ink is ma. . 

 oil which is less boiled, and the charcoal used ia stated to be Frankfort 

 black, made from vine twigs. 



Miii-l-iH<j Inl: is employed for marking linen: it is a solution of 

 nitrate of silver, written with a pen upon the fabric to be marked, after 

 the latter ban been moistened with an alkaline solution, as potash or 

 soda. By this process oxide of silver ia precipitated upon and combines 

 w ith the cloth so as to be scarcely removeable by any re-agent which 

 does not also destroy its texture. 



H ; I>HI>II<I 'if Inks are such as are invisible until heat is applied, and 

 then, by the chemical change induced, the writing bee' 

 Tli- moat remarkable of these is that prepared from cobalt. 

 II, -II. it's sympathetic ink, which is a chloride of the metal. Wh.-n Un- 

 written i>apcr is held to the fire so as to evaporate the water, the letters 

 me green. 



The subject of ink has lately undergone much discussion, arising out 

 of a paper read by Mr. Underwood before the Society of Arts. In 

 1857 the firm of which he is a member was applied to by the Govern- 

 ment for an ink that would yield many copies of any written , I inm ni , 

 by means of some kind of copying machine. It was del 

 tho ink nud the paper should have certain chemical relations, such 



