873 



INLAYING. 



INNS OF COURT AND OF CHANCERY. 



871 



as that of throwing down a precipitate. The best mode was found to 

 be, to steep the paper in a neutral chromate of potash, and to use a 

 solution of extract of logwood as ink. By preparing three different 

 strengths of solution, it was found possible to obtain from two to 

 twenty copies of any document. A copying-ink has also been prepared, 

 applicable both to printing and writing a desideratum in many com- 

 mercial establishments. The printing is first effected ; and the ink so 

 printed is rendered partially soluble by moisture when the copying 

 by the press is to be done. Of course the colour and depth of the ink 

 can never be otherwise than faint, by any use of the copying-press. 

 The modern ink-makers candidly admit that the ancients excelled 

 them, in the blackness and durability of their ink. In Durham 

 Cathedral there is a copy of the Bible, written by the Venerable Bede, 

 in which the ink is still beautifullj black. Indeed there are numerous 

 MSS. in existence, written from the 5th to the 13th centuries, of which 

 the same may be said. Dr. Lewis, about a century ago, expressed an 

 opinion that the ancient ink consisted of fine charcoal suspended in 

 some mucilaginous fluid ; and in this opinion Mr. Astle afterwards 

 supported him. Sir Charles Blagden, some years later, applied 

 chemical tests to many old writings, which afforded proof that the 

 ink was not a mere mechanical mixture, but a true chemical com- 

 pound. That there were different qualities of ink, then as now, is 

 certain. A parchment document is in existence, written in 1099, 

 containing many certificates written at different religious houses in 

 England ; and these, though written nearly at one time, exhibit all 

 shades from faded brown to deep black. Mr. Underwood thinks that 

 some of the old ink was merely a carbon pigment, but that other kinds 

 were veritable dyes of iron and acids, with a good deal of carbon 

 added. 



In reference to printing ink, it may be remarked that the ink of the 

 first block books is found usually to be bad ; whereas that of the first 

 moveable type books is much better so much so, indeed, as to excel 

 the general kinds of modern ink in depth, brilliancy, -and richness of 

 black. Printing ink is, indeed, a compound of very peculiar character ; 

 for, in order to be really good, it should possess these four qualities 

 to distribute freely and work with sharp, denned outlines on the type ; 

 to have a greater affinity for the surface of paper than for that of type, 

 in order to transfer readily ; to dry much more quickly on paper than 

 on type or an inking-roller ; and to be proof against the effects of 

 time and chemical re-agents. We may here state that the bank-note 

 ink, made by Mr. Winstone, is prepared from coal-tar naphtha ; this 

 naphtha being burned in close chambers, the smoke or soot is collected, 

 and exposed in a retort to a heat sufficient to drive off all volatile 

 matter ; the soot is then ground up with a peculiar varnish, producing 

 a printing ink of intense blackness, which prints off with great fineness 

 of outline, and dries so as to be fit to handle almost immediately. 



The miscellaneous kinds of ink, under the names of japan, invisible, 

 horticultural, lithographic, autographic, &.C., need not be described; they 

 are mostly mere varieties of those already noticed ; while one of the 

 number is described under LITHOGRAPHY. Ink powder, sometimes 

 useful hi travelling, is generally made by mixing the ingredients dry, 

 and adding boiling water in certain proportions when required for use. 

 Leonardi's alixirine or tolul ink, introduced in 1858, at Dresden, is 

 made of Aleppo galls, Dutch madder, sulphate and acetate of iron, 

 and sulphate of indigo, combined into the form of small round cakes ; 

 a portion of one of these cakes is dissolved in water when required 

 for use. 



INLAYING, is the art of inserting pieces of one substance in 

 cavities cut in the surface of another, as a means of ornament. The 

 substances may be various kinds of metal, or various kinds of wood, or 

 pearl, ivory, tortoiseshell, Ac. ; and the product may either be regarded 

 as a work of art, or as an ornamental article of furniture. It is in the 

 latter sense that inlaying is chiefly regarded. Two kinds which had 

 much celebrity in their day, but are perhaps less practised at present, 

 are bvJd and reijmcr work. These were named from two tbcni&ts, or 

 cabinet-makers : Buhl, or Boule, an Italian who settled in Paris in the 

 reign of Louis XIV. ; and Reixner, a German who settled in the same 

 city soon afterwards. Buhl mostly used a brass inlay on a tortoiseshell 

 ground ; Reianer a dark wood inlay on a tulip-wood ground ; but it is 

 obvious that the varieties admit of almost interminable change. Where 

 the substances are not too hard to be easily cut, the devices are pro- 

 duced by counterpart sawing; that is, two thin plates are laid one 

 on another, and a very fine saw is worked through both of them, in 

 lines marked out by a pencil device. If we suppose that two veneers 

 or thin layers of wood, one black and one white, were thus treated, 

 there might be two pieces of inlaying produced the one a black inlay 

 on a white ground, and the other a white inlay on a black ground ; for 

 one veneer would exactly fit the holes cut in the other. The saws for 

 this work are mounted in bow or arched handles ; they are very narrow 

 and thin, and are worked in short quick movements. In Buhl work, 

 the patterns generally consist of continuous lines, of which the honey- 

 suckle is a familiar example ; this does not require the actual separa- 

 tion into small pieces, and thereby marks one point of difference 

 between inlayin;/ and mosaic. The veneers are temporarily glued 

 together, or rather to a sheet of paper placed between them ; the 

 iwn "ii nne surface, the material is held loosely in a vice 

 by the left hand, a small hole in made with an awl in a part of the 

 design not very conspicuous, the saw-blade unloosened from its handle 



is thrust through this hole, the saw-handle is then fixed, and the work- 

 man proceeds with his sawing dexterously turning the saw and the 

 material about so as to make the tortuous cut correspond with the 

 lines of the design. Sometimes three or four veneers are cut in this 

 way, affording means for greatly varying the colours of the inlay. 



The ornamental stone-work called pietra dura bears more resem- 

 blance to inlaying than to mosaic ; for the holes are not cut through 

 the ground, but only to a certain depth, in slabs of black marble ; and 

 small bits of other coloured marble are inserted to this limited depth. 

 The inlaying of knife and fork handles with studs of gold and silver, 

 is similarly effected by drilling holes to a certain depth, and inserting 

 fragments of gold or silver wire. The inlaying of papier-mache' with 

 pieces of mother-of-pearl, or other iridescent substances, is not strictly 

 | in-laying in the sense here employed : for the decorative substance, 

 cut into the forms of leaves, flowers, or other devices, is laid on the 

 papier-mache", and a general level produced by many thicknesses of 

 varnish in the way described under PAPIER MACHK. 



The delicate fine-art workmanship of mosaic, produced by the juxta- 

 position of numerous small pieces of enamel, is described vinder 

 MOSAIC ; while the application of wood in ornamental devices to floor- 

 ing, is treated under MARQUETRY AND PARQUETRY. 



In the Jury Reports of the Great Exhibition it is said, in reference 

 to the gold and silver work in the Indian collection : " Herein the 

 least possible amount of metal is so treated by delicate hand-labour, 

 by exquisite pierced work, enamelling, and inlays, combined with such 

 a thorough consideration of the treatment of surface by buhl-work, &c., 

 as to give the greatest amount of skilled .workmanship with the smallest 



quantity of material The Eastern nations largely practise the 



art of inlaying both in metal and in other materials ; their weapons of 

 war are decorated with inlaid work." 



INN. The responsibility of innkeepers for the safe custody of the 

 goods and chattels of their guests is one out of the numerous classes of 

 cases that arise upon the law of bailments, and is placed by Sir W. 

 Jones, in his Treatise, under the second subdivision Locatio Operis, of 

 the general head Locatum. The law makes the innkeeper responsible 

 for the safety of the goods of persons coming to his house, in the 

 language of the ancient writ, caitsd hospitandi ; but he may be released 

 from his liability either by inattention on the part of the guest to such 

 reasonable rules as the innkeeper may think proper to lay down for 

 the protection of the property of his guests, by any act of negli- 

 gence on the part of the guest himself, or by his making use of the 

 house not, as it is before said, caitsd hospttandi. Thus, if an innkeeper 

 requires his guest to put his goods under lock and key, and the guest 

 leaves them in a passage, whereby they are lost; or the goods are 

 stolen by the guest's own servant ; or the guest uses his room in the 

 inn as a show-room, into which a number of people are allowed to have 

 access, and not as a lodging-room, the responsibility of the innkeeper 

 ceases. The general interest seems to require that the law should be 

 made still more strict as against innkeepers, as the good faith and 

 responsibility of the innkeeper form the only security of the traveller. 

 The Roman law on this subject is contained in the Digest iv., tit. 9. 



(Smith's Leading Case*, ' Calye's Case;' Treatise on the Law of Bail- 

 ments, by Sir W. Jones.) 



INNS OF COURT AND OF CHANCERY. The establishment of 

 these houses of law is usually considered to be one of the effects of 

 Magna Charts, which, by fixing the Court of Common Pleas at West- 

 minster, brought together a number of persons who (as Spelman says) 

 addicted themselves wholly to the study of the laws of the land, and 

 no longer considering it as a mere subordinate science, soon raised 

 those laws to that pitch of perfection which they suddenly attained 

 under the auspices of King Edward I. They purchased at various 

 times certain houses between the city of London and the palace of 

 Westminster, for the combined advantage of ready access to the latter 

 and of obtaining provisions from the former. " For their liberties and 

 privileges " (observes Mr. Agard, in an essay written in the end of the 

 17th century), " I never read of any granted to them or then- houses : 

 for having the law in then- hands, I doubt not but they could plead for 

 themselves, and say, as a judge said (and that rightly), that it is not 

 convenient that a judge should seek his lodging when he cometh to 

 serve his prince and his country." 



In Fortescue's time there were four inns of court and ten inns of 

 chancery, the former being frequented by the sons of the nobility and 

 wealthy gentry, and the latter by merchants imd others who had not 

 the means of paying the greater expenses (amounting to about " twenty 

 marks " per annum) of the inns of court. On working days, most of 

 these students, he says, apply themselves to the study of law ; and on 

 the holy days to the study of Holy Scripture. But it appears that 

 they did not entirely neglect lighter pursuits, for, says the same 

 learned author, they learn to sing and to exercise themselves in all kind 

 of harmony, and they also practise dancing and other noblemen's 

 pastimes. He says they did everything in peace and amity, and 

 although the only punishment that could be inflicted (as the case is 

 now) was expulsion, they dreaded that more than other criminal 

 offenders fear imprisonment and prisons. 



The inns of court, formerly called " hostels," or in French, " hotel," 

 are Lincoln's Inn, the Inner Temple, the Middle Temple, and Gray's 

 Inn. 



Inn appears to have taken its present name from Henry 



