INOCULATION. 



INOCULATION'. 



Lacy, carl of Lincoln, whota house new Holborn had been for Home 

 time inhabit,*! by studente of Uw. It ha* a cbnpel built by Inigo 

 Jones, toe interior of which U very striking, and a noble hall and 

 library, erected in 1846, from the design of Mr. Hardwicke, and recently 

 ornamented bj an elaborate and excellent fresco by Mr. Watte. The 

 library contains a rery large and well (elected collection of books, and a 

 great many very valuable MSB., amongit otlien thoee of Sir Matthew 

 Hale. A itudentahip, worth about 100A a year, to be held for eight 

 yeara, was founded by Christopher Tancred, Exq., for four students, to 

 be educated in the study of the law at Li ucolu's Inn. They are elected 

 by the trustees for the time being of the Tancred Charities. The 

 garden mart have been much curtailed aince the reign* of Henry VII. 

 and Henry VIII., when, according to Mr. Lane, special enactments 

 were made to prevent the studente from bunting the rabbite in it. 



Tke Inner Temple. This inn, a* well as the Mid<Uc Temple, owes ite 

 nm to the KnigliU Templars, who established themselves here about 

 1185. After then- dissolution the Temple came into the hands of 

 " divers professors of the common law that came from Thavyeg Inn in 

 Holbtirne." In the reign of Henry VIII. the members of the Temple 

 had divided into two societies known by the names of the Inner and 

 Middle Teu.pl.-, each having a hall and a library. 



The church is common to both societies. It was founded by the 

 Templars, upon the model of that of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem, 

 and consists of a round tower at the western entrance, and three aisles 

 running east and west, and two cross aisles. In the tower are tombs 

 of eleven of the Knight* Templars, but with the exception of one, 

 Oeoffry de Magnoville, afterwards earl of Essex, it is nut known whom 

 the effigies represent. 



(r'my'i / in ou the north side of Holborn. It takes ite iiauiu from 

 the Lords Gray of Wilton. 



Each inn of court is governed by ite own benchers, or " undents," as 

 they were formerly called, who fill up the vacancies in their own body, 

 usually selecting queen's counsel, and thus practically vesting the 

 appointment in the Lord Chancellor. At Lincoln's Inn the governing 

 body is called the council, at the Temple the parliament. Their 

 power is undefined, and sometimes assumed to be unlimited. In the 

 two Temples and Gray's Inn, the benchers appropriate to a large pro- 

 portion of their number, chambers, which they may either occupy or 

 let ; so that in this way large sums are often received by the fortunate 

 seniors of the body. See farther, BAIIKISTER. 



Besides these four inns of court, there are eight inns of chancery, 

 which are now only used as chambers, and are principally inhabited 

 by solicitors and attorneys. These are Furniraft Inn, T/un-ics Inn, 

 C'lijfcnfi Jan, drment'i Inn, AVie Inn, Lyon't Inn, Stu/>le Jan, and 

 lirrxartft In. Several of the inns of chancery have a boll, in some of 

 which dinners are provided and terms kept, but they are now merely 

 private societies. 



INOCULATION is the insertion of a morbid fluid formed in the 

 body of one person into that of another. It has however been more 

 particularly applied to the practice of producing small-pox by removing 

 a small quantity of the fluid formed in the pustular eruption on the 

 kin of one person and inserting it beneath that of another. The 

 latter (if he have not already suffered from the disease) will, a: 

 lapse of from seven to ten days, be affected with it ; but ite severity, 

 when thus engendered, is in a large majority of cases greatly mitigated, 

 so that the proportion of those who die after inoculation is not greater 

 than one in five hundred ; while of those who receive the small-pox 

 casually one perishes in every six. 



The practice of inoculating for the small-pox was introduced into 

 this country by Lady Mary \Vortley Montagu, about the year liiil, 

 her son having thus received the disease during her residence in 

 Constantinople. It had long been practised in Turkey and other 

 Eastern nations, and ite utility was well known before ite introduction 

 into England, both in the south of Wales and in the Higlilands. 

 Mungo Park also found that it was habitually practised by the negroes 

 on the Guinea Coast. It was very slowly adopted in this country, and 

 it WM not until it had been practised on six criminals (whose lilierty 

 was promised to them if they recovered, as they fortunately did) that 

 it was generally received. It was then almost universally had recourse 

 to, till the introduction of vaccination ; but since that time it has 

 most deservedly fallen into disuse. Indeed whatever were the merits 

 of inoculation in lessening the severity of the small-pox in the person 

 inoculated, it was probably on the whole productive of more harm 

 than benefit, by introducing the disease (as it certainly often did) into 

 a district previously free from ite contagion ; and thus, while it saved 

 the life of one person, it became the cause of the death of many who 

 caught small-pox from him. It is now very rarely practised, and 

 the caponing in public ways or place* of persons having the small-pox 

 is punishable. [ VACCIXATIOX.J 



Of the other eruptive fevers, measles and scarlatina are com- 

 municable by imputation, though with some difficulty and without the 

 advantage of rendering the disease at all milder; but chirken-jox 

 cannot be thus transmitted, and it is at present doubtful whet In -r the 

 exanthonatoua typhus fever can. Other cases in which diseases are 

 ].r.. I. iced by inoculation are treated of in separate articles, as HTDRO- 

 rtiiniiA, Ac. 



INOCULATION is an operation performed on numerous species of 

 Exogenous plants, and, like grafting [URAFTI.NO], has for ite end the 



vital union of one species or variety with another. This object may 

 be effected by either of the two operations in the case of many species; 

 but particular circumstances sometimes render inoculation the more 

 proper method, as in the oases of the apricot and peach, which expand 

 their leaves early in the spring, long before growth has commenced in 

 the plum stock, on which they are generally worked. The grafts of 

 such early vegetating tree* are generally I..UM 1 to be exhausted 

 the stocks car i fresh organised matter 



for completing the union. It is therefore found most advantageous to 

 1'it'l or inoculate them in the summer, when both scion and stock 

 are in a state of equal vegetation. 



Buds, like grafts, may remain alive for some time after having been 

 inserted on their stock, and may even effect a sort of adhesion to it ; 

 but it is only when the alburnum of the two ports, in a nascent fctete, 

 come in contact, that a permanently vital union in accomplished. 

 Unless this be previously understood, the best instructions with regard 

 to the performance of the operation will be liable to misapplies; I 



All buds have their origin in the medullary sheath, and are situated 

 in tli.' axils of leaves Bating or that have existed; but when a bud 

 II:LS developed itself beyond the external bark, it begins to produce 

 and send down layers of liber, and ite connection with the medullary 

 - at that time destroyed. If the bud so detached be placed in 

 favourable circumstances on the alburnum of another allied spe. 

 will derive moisture from the cambium, and continue to veget. 

 the granulations of cellular matter resulting from tin- <-li;.rt <>t the 

 stock to cover with fresh matter the part wounded by the 

 of the bud, meet with the alburnum elaborated by the inserted bud ; 

 the similar substances then coalesce, and the union may be termed com- 

 plete. It may be here observed that the opening mode for the re 

 of the bud should not be made too large, for the smaller the port 

 bark raised the sooner will it become covered with fresh matt, 

 meet with that which is forming at the base of tin- I .ml. 



The season for performing the operation is, generally speaking, from 

 the beginning of July to the middlu of August, the particular time 

 varying according to the season. The best criterion is the state 

 buds and the degree of cohesion between the bark and alburnum of 

 the stock. If the buda on the young .shoots have become 

 fectly formed outeido as to bear separation from the branch, am) it the 

 lurk of the stock can be freely raised, and exhibit an ab<ui<l. 

 cambium in a fluid state, the operation may be proceeded with. 1 1 . . n 

 the contrary, the bark adheres rigidly to the alburnum, or is */, as it 

 is technically expressed, there is little chance of success. 



in the selection of buds it is necessary to distinguish those that ore 

 formed for blossom-buds and those that would produce shoots in the 

 fc'l lowing season. For example, in the cose of poich-trees trained 

 Against walls, no buds with only a single leaf at their base should be 

 taken, for such, if tho tree is in a bearing state, will only produce a 

 blossom, oven if it should remain on the tree ; and when tratisf, 

 will either perish in winterer die after an imperi ;.ment. 



On vigorous young trees in the open ground that are not in a til- 

 ing state single irood-biul> may be readily found, and they ore preferable 

 to all others. When a bud on a wall has two leaves at ite base it will 

 produce from thence one imod-tlioot and a blossom-bud; in fact, 

 although only one bud is apparent, yet there exist two ; since every 

 leaf has in ite axil either a bud or the rudiments of one. Tin: - a shoot 

 having buds with three leaves at their bases developes itself in the 

 following spring, in the form of two blossom-buds and a wood-bud in 

 litre. 



The operation of budding, or inoculation, is performed in various 

 ways; but tho bent and most general is that called shield-budding or 

 T budding, from the resemblance of the two cute made in the 

 the stock to the two principal bars of the Roman letter T. In a smooth 

 part of the stock a horizontal cut is made through the rind down to 

 the alburnum ; but care is token that the incision only just reaches the 

 alburnum. From the middle of this another cut is made downwards. 

 The bud is then shaved off the shoot by knife about half 



.in ineli below it, then cutting nearly halt way tlr. 

 immediately below where the bud is seated, and finally by slant i; 

 knife outwards about half an inch above the bud. .' 

 and young wood will thus be taken along with the bud : but the wood 

 must be carefully separated by I wing dexterously jerk 

 in the direction of the woody fibre, leaving only the small p. 

 belonging to the base of the bud. If tho wood were detached by 



{lulling upwards, this minute formation of alburnum belonging to the 

 Hid would likewise be removed, ami with it the runt, as it is colled, i.f 

 the bud, or vital speck. This will sometimes ha|i]>eu, whichever way the 

 wood is removed, and may IK; known by the appearance of a small hole 

 l>elow the external convexity of the bud. When thin hap|>ens the 

 operation must be repeated. The bud living thus prepared and its bark 

 pared so as to be easily introduced )>elow that of the stock, and as much 

 reduced as ite immediate connection nith the bud will permit, the 

 bark of the stock is raised with the thin flat ivory handle of tli. 

 ding knife by entering it at the angles formed by t! -e and 



perpendicular incisions above described, taking care not to disturb the 

 bed of cambium; on the latter the bud, with ite shield-like portion of 

 bark, is placed, ite upjier part being then cut off, so as to coincide with 

 the transverse section on the bark of the stock ; the lips of the per- 

 pendicular incision are closed, or at least brought down upon the shield 



