'LINIC ACID. 



INSOLVKKCV. 



C Vetorum Annl..' p. 358, Ac.). At the time of the revival of letters 

 the attention of the learned waa chiefly directed toward* the author* 

 of antiquity, but ever since the 15th century attention baa al*c 

 been bestowed upon inscription*. The man who first formed the idea 

 of a comprehensive collection waa the above-mentioned Cyriacus o 

 Anoona. who undertook his travels at the request and the expense o 

 Pope Nicholas I. The first printed collection of Latin inscriptions is 

 that of Peutinger, who collected and published those which were founc 

 at Augsburg and in iU neighbourhood on several folio leaves, under 

 the title of ' Romanae Vetustatia Fragment! in Augusta Vindelicorum 

 et ejus Dioecesi,' Augsburg, 1505. Another collection, which is now 

 extremely rare, was published by Laurentius Abatemius, at Fani in 

 1515, of which a second edition by F. Poly.ir.lu appeared in the same 

 year. The collection publUhed by the bookseller Mazocchi, at Home 

 in 1520, in folio, under the title ' Epigrammata Antiqua UrbU Romae, 

 contain* scarcely any other than sepulchral inscriptions. 



After these collections of local inscriptions, B. Amantiux and P. 

 Appianus, supported by the liberal merchant Raimund von Fugger 

 published a general collection under the title of ' Inscriptiones Sacro- 

 sBOctae Vetustatis,' Ingolstadt, 1534, fol. Soon after, the learned 

 George Fabricius published a considerable collection of Latin inscrip- 

 tions which he had made in his travels, and which had been MB* 

 municated to him by his friends, in the second volume of his ' Roma,' 

 Basle, 1550, reprinted in 1587, and at Helmstudt, 1660, fol. Martin 

 Smetius of Bruges, during a stay of six years in Italy, made a very 

 careful collection of inscriptions, which however were not published 

 till after his death by Janus Douza, and with an anctorium by J. 

 Lapsius, Lugdun.-Bat. 1588, fol. The work of Laurentius Schroder, 

 ' Momimenta Italiae,' has one volume which contains only inscriptions 

 which he had collected during his visits in Italy ; they are arranged 

 according to the towns in which they were found, but be docs not 

 distinguish between the earlier and later inscriptions, and he has some 

 which are evidently not genuine. After that of Schroder followed that 

 of Thorn. Reinesius, which was mentioned above. A somewhat more 

 complete and accurate collection of 4688 inscriptions was published by 

 Fabretti under the title ' Inscriptiomun Antiquarum, quae in Aedibus 

 Patemis asaerrantur Explicatio et Additniiiuntiini,' Rome, 1699, fol. 

 (some copies bear date of 1 702, but this is only a bookseller's iin 

 position). 



But all the works here mentioned are eclipsed by the undertaking of 

 Janus Gruterus, which was to contain all the inscriptions that had 

 until then been made known. He took the work of Smetius as his 

 foundation, and was actively assisted by Joseph Scaliger. The collec- 

 tion appeared under the title ' Inscriptiones Antiqiuc totius Orbis 

 Romani,' Heidelberg, 1603 and 1663, fol. J. G. Graevius afterwards 

 undertook to edit a still more complete and corrected edition, but he 

 did not live to complete his task, which fell into the hands of P. liur- 

 mann, who assisted by many other scholars, publUhed the new edition 

 of Gruter, under the title ' Inscriptiones Antiquae totius Orbis Romani, 

 in absolutUsimum Corpus redactae, olim auspiciis J. Scaligeri et M. 

 Velseri, industria autein Jani (iruteri, mine notis Marqtiordi Gudii 

 onodatae, cura J. G. Graevii.' Amsterdam, 1707, foL Marquard 

 Gude, who had travelled in Italy, likewise prepared a collection of 

 inscriptions for publication, which however was edited after his death 

 by F. Heuel, Leovardiae, 1781, fol. This collection however contains 

 many forgeries made by the notorious Ligorius. A collection of 

 2000 inscriptions which had been 'gathered by Doni, was published by 

 Oori, ' T. R Donii Inscriptiones Antiquae,' Florence, 1731, fol. In 1739, 

 L. A. Muratori published hU ' Novus Thesaurus Veterum Inscriptionum,' 

 Milan, 4 vols. 4 to., to which a supplement was added by S. Donatus 

 in 2 vola., Lucca, 1765, &c. Among the collections of inscriptions 

 published at a later time, the most important is the selection from all 

 the known inscriptions which was published by J. C. Orelli, under the 

 title ' Inscriptionum Latinarum aelectarum amplissiina Collectio ad 

 illustrandum Romanae Antiquitatis Disciplinam accommodata, Ac. ; 

 cum ineditu Hagenbuchii suisque Annotationibus,' Zurich, 1828,2 vols. 

 8vo. This collection is extremely useful, especially as corrected and 

 extended by the supplementary volume by G. Henzer, 1836 ; for the 

 student should be warned that Orelli has not always published the 

 inscriptions with that accuracy and exactness which are required in 

 works of this kind. Another work of great value is the splendid 

 collection of Neapolitan inscriptions made by T. Mommsen, ' Inscrip- 

 tions* Regni Neapolitan! Latinae,' fol. Lips. 1852. For the Latin 

 inscriptions which are still continually being found in various parts of 

 the world once subject to Rome, the student must consult the trans- 

 actions of the various archaeological societies formed in all part* of 

 Kurope, a chief object of which is the searching after, preserving, and 

 publishing the Roman monuments existing in the particular districts 

 in which those societies are formed. The number of Latin inscriptions 

 now known amount* to considerably over 60,000. 



Among the works to be consulted by those who wish to acquire a 

 facility in reading and understanding Latin inscriptions, the following 

 are of importance : Zaccaria, ' Instituzione Lapidaria,' Rome, 1770, and 

 Venice, 1792; Morcelli, ' De Stilo Inscriptionum Latinarum l.ilni 

 Tres,' Rome, 1781, and reprinted in his 'Opera Epigraphies,' PaUvii, 

 1819, 6 vols. 8vo. ; Kopp, ' Palaeographia Critica,' Mannheim, 1 817-29, 

 4 vols. 4U>. ; and Orelli's Introduction to his Collection. 



[NSOLINIC ACID (C lt H.O.) results from the prolonged action of 



chromic acid upon cuminie acid. It is insoluble in alcohol or ether, 

 and nearly insoluble in water, hence its name. It is bibasic, its salta 

 being formed by the replacement of two atoms of hydrogen by metals ; 

 the neutral potash salt contains (C,,H.K,O,). the acid salt (C,.H,KO.). 

 Insolinic aci<l in interesting as being one of the few members of the 

 series of Dibasic acids having the general formula C.H, -,<>. This 

 series is derived from the aromatic acids (benzole, &c. CH B _,< >.), and 

 bears a similar relation to those acids that the series C,H B _,O, doe* 

 the formic and acetic series of acids (C.H.OA 



INSOLVENCY. INSOLVENT, a man who cannot pay his debts. 

 [BANKRUPT.] In this country, statutes have from time to time been 

 passed for the purpose of releasing from prison, and sometimes from 

 their debts, persons whose transactions have not been of such a nature 

 as to subject them to the Bankrupt Laws. These statutes have been 

 passed for a limited time only, and have bewi continued by subsequent 

 enactments. \ 



The Insolvent Law of England was consolidated by the 7 George IV. 

 c. 67, continued and extended by the 1 & 2 Viet. c. 110, and the 2 & 3 

 Viet c. 39. The law is administered by commissioners appointed by 

 the crown, in a court called the Insolvent Debtors' Court, and in the 

 country by the judges of the County Courts (10 & 11 Viet. c. 102). 



By the 1 ft 2 Viet. c. 110, no person shall be arrested upon mesne 

 process in any civil action, except in certain cases specially provided 

 for by the act. [AHKKST.] 



A person who is in prison charged in execution for any debt or 

 damages, or otherwise committed as mentioned in the act, may, within 

 fourteen days after the commencement of the imprisonment, petition 

 the court for his discharge in the manner prescribed by the act, and he 

 must in such petition state his willingness that all his real and personal 

 estate and effects shall vest in the provisional assignee of insolvent 

 debtors' estates ; and if within twenty-one days after the like time he 

 does not make satisfaction to the creditor at whose suit he is so charged 

 or committed, such creditor (or other pernon mentioned - in the act) 

 may petition the court for au order vesting all the real and personal 

 estate of the prisoner in such provisional assignee. When such petition 

 lias been filed, and the court has made the order above referred to, all 

 the prisoner's real and personal estate, and everything which he may in 

 any way acquire before his final discharge, is vested in the provisional 

 assignee by virtue of such order when recorded, except the wearing 

 apparel, tools, ftc., of the debtor, not exceeding in the whole 2<i/. in 

 value. The prisoner must also file a schedule of all debts owing by 

 !iin i , and of all his property. The court lias power to appoint assignee! 

 for the management of the insolvent's estate ; and on such assignees 

 assenting to the appointment, all the estate of ihe insolvent, which 

 was vested in the provisional assignee, becomes immediately vested in 

 such assignees for the payment of the prisoner's debts. After the court 

 shall have adjudged the discharge of the insolvent, he is not lialil.- 

 to imprisonment for any debt in respect of which the adjudication was 

 made. But any property which he may acquire subsequent to bis dis- 

 charge may be taken in execution, under the provisions of the act, for 

 .he payment of his unsatisfied debts ; and if the property be of such a 

 nature that it cannot be taken in execution, the court may imprison 

 ;he insolvent till he conveys such property, as the court may direct, for 

 .he general benefit of his creditors. It is unnecessary to specify <hr 

 various provisions of the insolvent laws ; their general object is to 

 release the debtor from prison, to free his person from liability as to 

 debts contracted previous to his discharge, but to make all his present 

 and future acquired property available for the benefit of his creditors. 

 Where new creditors have a claim on the insolvent's subsequently 

 acquired property, which is of such a nature that it cannot be taken in 

 execution, it may be necessary to apply to a court of equity, which in 

 administering xuch estate of a deceased insolvent, will pay the creditors 

 subsequent to the insolvency first, and then the creditors prior to the 

 insolvency. 



In cases where it is proved that the insolvent has fraudulently made 



,way with his property, or that his debts were fraudulently contracted, 



the court does not discharge his person immediately, but has power to 



>rder him to be imprisoned for a period not exceeding three years 



rom the date of his petition to the court for his discharge. 



There is another statute in the English law (32 George II. c. 28), 

 generally called the Lords' Act, from its having originated in the 

 louse of Lords, also continued and extended by subsequent enact- 

 ment*, which enable a debtor token in execution for a debt not exceed- 

 ng 3007. to obtain his discliarge upon Mirrendcring all his effects (except 

 apparel, bedding, and tools of trade, not exceeding 101. in the whole) to 

 us creditors. 



The above proceedings foe relief are applicable only after arrest and 

 mprisonment ; and no relief could be obtained by a catin tonorum 

 made before imprisonment by a person not a trader within the mean- 

 ng of the Bankrupt Acts, until the paasing of the 6 & 6 Viet c. 110, 

 which baa since been amended by 7 & 8 Viet c. 70, and c. 96. 



The act 5 & 6 Viet c. 11C, which came into operation 1st November, 

 842. enabled a person who was not a trader within the meaning of 

 he Bankrupt Laws, or a trader who owed debts which amounted in 

 he whole to less than 300/., to obtain by petition a protection frm 

 lie Court of Bankruptcy in London, or the Commissioners of the 

 district Courts of Bankruptcy in the country, from all process what- 

 ever (except under a judge's order), either against his person or )<>. 



