ITCH. 



IXOLITE. 



1004 



IIM a separate mull order to each Uuur, or horiront.il dni.-ion of .1 

 facade above the ground floor, much of it U ailylar, that in, without 

 columns; th windows and arcbe* being the chief feature* of the 

 composition, and either full entablature or a bold, rich, niicl carefully 

 proportioned cornicione crowning the entire mas*. This large and 

 ample mode of treatment was greatly affected by the Florentine and 

 Roman architecU of the period of the revival. 



The example and influence of the revived Italian architecture was 

 ooo felt throughout Europe rRcNAiUAKCE ARCHITECTURE], and the 

 Italian architocto were everywhere looked tip to and followed as the 

 great matter* of the profession, until tbo arclueological researches of 

 the laat century, and particularly the examination of the architectural 

 remain* of ancient Greece, led to the desire fur a closer imitation ..i 

 clastic, and especially of Greek form* : a fashion which baa in its turn 

 given way before the Gothic re-action. 



In our own country the Italian style was first introduced, with any 

 pretence to clonneas of imitation, by Inigo Jones, and the liainiueting 

 House, Whitehall, may be referred to as a favourable example both of 

 the genius of the architect, and of the imitative Italian of the begin- 

 ning of the 1 7th century. One of the latest English examples, prior 

 to the eruption of the Greek furor, is Chambers'* Somerset House ; 

 the court of the Strand portion of uhi.-h U a good example of a late 

 modified Italian style, where an order in placed on a decorated base- 

 ment. In our own day the Italian style has been re-introdured with 

 great though not unquestioned success. Sir Charles Barry, the lint we 

 believe to adopt it, has applied it with great ability in several of his 

 more important domestic building*. The Travellers' and the Reform 

 club-houses in Pall Mall, both by him, will, with the adjoining Carlton 

 Club (by Mr. Sidney Smirke), afford the reader a good idea of Italian 

 architecture. All the three are copies, or adaptations, of celebrated 

 Italian buildings : The aatylar Travellers is an imitation of the Pulazai 

 P.iii'loliini, at Florence ; the Hefonn, a free adaptation of the Palazzo 

 Karuese, at Home ; the microatylar Carlton, a direct copy from S,m- 

 sovino's famous Library of St. Mark, Venice. Several of the other 

 London club-houses are Italian in style, and more or less direct copies 

 of existing Italian buildings. 



ITCH, or as it U termed by nosologiste, Scabies or Psora, is a disease 

 of the skin, of which the most prominent symptom is a constant and 

 intolerable itching. The eruption consists most commonly of minute 

 resides filled with a clear watery fluid, and slightly elevated on small 

 pimples ; but its character U often obscured by a mixture of papula; 

 and pustules with the vesicles. Hence the disease has been divided 

 into distinct species according to the predominance of each kind of 

 eruption ; but the distinction is artificial, and of no practical utility. 

 The eruption occurs principally on the hands and wrists, and in those 

 part* most exposed to friction, as the spaces between the fingers and 

 the flexure* of the joint*. After a time it extends from these parts 

 to the arms, legs, and trunk ; but very rarely, if ever, appears on 

 the face. 



The itch is attended by no constitutional disorder, except in those 

 severest forms in which the eruption consists chiefly of Urge pustules, 

 burrounded by considerable inflammation of the adjacent skin. It never 

 appears to arise spontaneously : but, where cleanliness is not strictly 

 observed, it is easily communicated by contact. It is entirely due to 

 the presence of a minute acarus under the skin known by the name 

 of Sarrvpla KaUei. With the destruction of the insect the disease 

 disappears. [AcARtDf, in NAT. HIST. Dtv.l 



A certain specific for the cure of the itch, which never gets well 

 without treatment, is the local application of sulphur ; all the parts on 

 which the eruption is visible should be plentifully smeared with the 

 umj*e*lum nlpkuru every night, or every night and morning, till the 

 cure is perfected, which will require from three days to a fortnight, 

 according to the severity and extent of the disease. The ointment 

 must remain on the parts after each application, and occasional warm 

 baths ought to be used during the treatment. 



IVORY, the substance which composes the teeth or tusks of 

 elephant*, is extensively used in the arts for making or embellishing 

 numberless small articles in almost universal use. The principal sup- 

 plies of elephants- teeth to this country are derived from the west coast 

 of Africa and from Ceylon. The remaining import* are chiefly from 

 the coast of Baruary, the Cape of Good Hope, Madagascar, and Siam. 

 The United States of America also send to this country some of the 

 Ivory which they import ; and fossil ivory occasionally reaches England 

 from Russia. The demand has much increased within the last few 

 years, and the supply can scarcely keep up with it. A great quantity 

 is now brought over by the Peninsular Company's steamers from Alex- 

 andria, sometimes as much as 20,0001. worth in one cargo. Tin* 

 portion of the trade consuls chiefly of wild elephant*' tusks which have 

 been shed in the desert* of Arabia, and bought up by the Pacha of 



Egypt for sale to ICimli.-h buyers. The teeth and tiwkc of the elephant, 

 hip|H>pntamus, wiM boar, and narwhal, all i urns kind* ; 



though the the tusk of th . ! i<h mi is that which usually goes : 

 name. The fossil mammoth i, was a k 



elephant; and the ivory of the tusks in very hiiil.ir to that of the 

 . l.-|.li.mt of the present day. The Russian* linos* wholly make use of 

 this kind of ivory. Sonic of the mammoth tusks are 10 feet long, 

 .-olid to within 6 inches of the end, and righ 168 Ibs. Pianoforte 

 makers occasionally veneer the white key* of those inatri, 

 ni.-immoth ivory. 



For purpose* of manufacture ivory U cut up by means of saws set 

 in steel frames ; the saws are from 1 A to 80 inches long, from 1 i to 

 3 inches wide, and 1 -.loth of an inch thick ; with the teeth sharp but 

 coarse. From the peculiar curve* and twists of each tusk, great art is 

 required to cut up the ivory with least waste. Veneers are cut in a ratio 

 of 30 to an inch thickness of ivory ; and as the sawdust, together with the 

 scraping from after processes, effect a waste of one-half, it o: 

 th.it i;u lini.-hed ivory veneers will be no more than an inch in aggregate 

 thickness. The thin plates are used chiefly for miniatures and for 1 1 

 rand um-books. The Russians, some years ago, devised a tu 

 cutting wood veneers out of solid blocks, by slicing it spirally from . h.- 

 surface towards the centre, like unfolding a roll f cloth ; and M. Pape, a 

 pianoforte manufacturer at Paris, afterwards applied this iu< : 

 the cutting of ivory veneer*. Ho can produce sheets measuring 150 

 inches by 30 ; and with such sheets he has veneered the entire surface 

 of pianofortes. Ivory forms a fine and delicate material for gra- 

 duated scales in mathematical instruments ; but it is liable to 

 c\i>'iid and contract, under alternations of weather, to an 



degree insomuch that the Tithe Commissioners have refused 

 to permit the use of ivory scales in laying down the areas and 

 boundaries of land. 



Ivory, after being cut with the saw, is smoothed and pi'li-ied by 

 various means such as very fine glass paper, or emery paper; whiting 

 and water applied by wash leather ; oil on a bit of ra^': putty powder ; 

 Flanders brick, Trent sand, or powdered chalk, wetted, and applied 

 with flannel or a brush ; or scraping and then rubbing on soft wheels. 

 The list wheels employed by ivory-workers consist of 10 to 20 circular 

 pieces of woollen cloth, screwed tightly between two wooden discs of 

 rather smaller diameter; the cloth forms a pliant edge projecting 

 beyond the wood ; such wheels when moistened with Trent sand, are 

 used for polishing parasol handles and similar articles, The 

 demand in England for ivory is for making knife-handles and combs. 

 Ivory is often engraved by the French artists. They first cover tin? 

 surface with a ground of wax or composition ; then etch the dr 

 this ground; then bite itin by a dilute solution of nitrate of filui ; then 

 wash in distilled water, dry with blottiug-]iaper, and expose for one h au- 

 to the sun's rays. When the ground has been removed by the action of 

 essence of turpentine, the design presents itself as a series of brownish 

 lines, which soon become nearly black. The design may bo developed 

 in other tints if, instead of nitrate of silver, there be used nitro- 

 muriate of gold or platinum, or nitrate of copper. Sometimes the 

 ivory itself is engraved, and the lines filled in with hard black varnish. 

 Another mode of ornamenting ivory is to engrave a design on a 

 plate, take an impression on paper, transfer this impression to the 

 ivory, stop out the blank portions with guiacum varnish, submit the 

 ivory to the action of dilute acid, and then melt or wash off the 

 varnish; there will result a tinted engraving on the surface of the 

 ivory. , 



Mr. Cheverton in I860 patented a mode of making what he terms 

 artificial ivory. It consists in giving an ivory-like surf ace to gypsum or 

 alabaster. The ornament* or other articles made of this material are 

 exposed for forty-eight hours to a temperature of 800 Fahr., by which 

 the moisture U driven off. They are then immersed till saturated in 

 olive oil or in white hard varnish ; and after being steeped several 

 times in warm water, they are polished with whiting or putty powder, 

 by which they obtain an ivory-like surface. M. 1'r.mchi has devised a 

 somewhat similar mode of imitating ivory by preparing a mixture of 

 32 parts plaster of Paris with 1 of Italian yellow ochre ; the materials 

 are reduced to powder, sifted, mixed, liquefied with water, cast in 

 moulds, dried in the open air, baked in an oven, and soaked win 

 for a quarter of an hour in a hot mixture of equal parts of spermaceti, 

 white wax, and stearine ; the cast is finally brushed while warm, and 

 polished with a tuft of cotton wool when cold. 



The curious substance called vegetable ivory, is the seed of a genus of 

 plant* named 1'h ////> />/. from //An/on and dephat, the Greek version 

 of its English name. An account of it, and of its use*, will be found 

 under I'IIITM i HI IN, in NAT. HIST. IMV. 



IVDHV BLACK. [BoE BLACK.] 



IXOLITE. A mineral hydrocarbon resembling hurlite. 



