ITCH. 



IXOLITK. 



1004 



hat a separate small order to each floor, or horiiontal division of a 

 facade above the ground floor, much of it U astytar, that is, without 

 columns; the window* and arches being the chief features of the 

 composition, and either a full entablature or a bold, rich, and carefully 

 proportioned cornici.me crowning the entire man. This large and 

 simple mode of treatment was greatly affected by the Florentine and 

 Boman architect* of the period of the revival. 



The example and influence of the revived Italian architecture was 

 soon felt throughout Europe f RKXAUSAXCK ARCHITECTURE], and the 

 Italian architect* were everywhere looked up to and followed as the 

 great marten of the profession, until the orchaologioal researches of 

 the last century, and particularly the examination of the architectural 

 remains of ancient Greece, led to the desire for a closer imitation of 

 classic, and especially of Greek forms : a fashion which has in its turn 

 given way before the Gothic re-action. 



In our own country the Italian style was first introduced, with any 

 pretence to closeness of imitation, by Inigo Jones, and the l'..-.n juuting 

 House, Whitehall, may be referred to as a favourable cx.unple both of 

 the genius of the architect, and of the imitative Italian of the begin- 

 ning of the 1 7th century. One of the latest English examples, prior 

 to the eruption of the Greek furor, is Chambers 's Somerset House ; 

 the court of the Strand portion of which is a good example of a late 

 modified Italian style, where on order is placed on a decorated base- 

 ment. In our own day the Italian style has been re-introdured with 

 great though not unquestioned success. Sir Charles Barry, the first we 

 believe to adopt it, has applied it with great ability in several of his 

 more important domestic buildings. The Travellers' and the Reform 

 club-houses in Pall Mall, both by him, will, with the adjoining Carlton 

 dub (by Mr. Sidney Smirke), afford the reader a good idea of Italian 

 architecture. All the three are copies, or adaptations, of celebrated 

 Italian buildings : The astylar Travellers is on imitation of the Palazzo 

 Pandolfini, at Florence ; the Reform, a free adaptation of the Palazzo 

 Fornese, at Rome ; the microstylar Carlton, a direct copy fro: 

 sovino's famous Library of St. Mark, Venice. Several of the other 

 London club-houses are Italian in style, and more or less direct copies 

 of existing Italian buildings. 



ITCH, or as it is termed by nosologisU, Scabies or Psora, is a disease 

 of the skin, of which the most prominent symptom is a constant and 

 intolerable itching. The eruption consists most commonly of minute 

 vesicles filled with a clear watery fluid, and slightly elevated on small 

 pimples ; but it* character is often obscured by a mixture of papula: 

 and pustule* with the vesicles. Hence the disease has been divided 

 into distinct species according to the predominance of each kind of 

 eruption ; but the distinction is artificial, and of no practical utility. 

 The eruption occurs principally on the hands and wrists, and in those 

 part* most exposed to friction, as the spaces between the fingers and 

 the flexures of the joints. After a time it extends from these parts 

 to the arms, legs, and trunk ; but very rarely, if ever, appears on 

 the face. 



The itch is attended by no constitutional disorder, except in those 

 severest forms in which the eruption consists chiefly of large pustules, 

 surrounded by considerable inflammation of the adjacent skin. It never 

 appear* to arise spontaneously : but, where cleanliness is not Urictly 

 observed, it U easily communicated by contact. It is entirely due to 

 the presence of a minute acarus under the skin known by the name 

 of Sample* icabiei. With the destruction of the insect the disease 

 disappear*. [AcARiDjt, in NAT. HIST. 1 Jiv.J 



A certain specific for the cure of the itch, which never gets well 

 without treatment, is the local application of sulphur ; all the ports on 

 which the eruption is visible should be plentifully smeared with the 

 MfnatlitM mlpkurit every night, or every night and morning, till the 

 cure is perfected, which will require from three days to a fortnight, 

 according to the severity and extent of the disease. The ointment 

 must remain on the ports after each application, and occasional warm 

 baths ought to be used during the treatment. 



IVORY, the substance which composes the teeth or tusks of 

 elephant*, is extensively used in the art* for making or embellishing 

 numberless small articles in almost universal use. The principal sup- 

 plies of elephanU- teeth to this country are derived from the west coast 

 of Africa and from Ceylon. The remaining import* are chiefly from 

 the coast of Borbory, Uie Cop* of Ooodtfope, W^sscar, and Siam. 

 The United States of America also send to this country some of the 

 ivory which they import ; sod fossil ivory occasionally reaches England 

 from Russia. The demand has much increased within the lost few 

 years, and the supply can scarcely keep up with it A great quantity 

 is now brought over by the Peninsular Company's steamers from A I. v 

 andria, sometimes as much as 20,000*. worth in one cargo. This 

 portion of the trade consist* chiefly of wild elephant*' tusks which have 

 been shed in the deserts of Arabia, and bought up by the Pacha of 



Egypt for sale to Knulisb buyers. The teeth and tusks of t : 

 hippopotamus, wild boar, and narwhal, all form ivory of various kinds ; 

 though the the tusk of the elephant is that which usually goes I 

 name. The fossil mammoth, :! n found in SiU'ria, was a kind of 

 elephant ; and the ivory of the tusks is very Mmil.ir to that 

 elephant of the present day. The Russians almost wholly make use of 

 thin kind <>f ivory. Some of the mammoth tusks are 10 feet long, 

 solid to within 6 indies of the end, an. - Hi*. IV. 



makers occasionally veneer the white keys of those in-t? 

 mammoth h 



For purposes of manufacture ivory is cut up by means of *a 

 in steel frames; the saws are from 15 to 80 inches long, from 14 to 

 3 inches wide, and l-50th of an inch thick ; with the teeth sharp Imt 

 coarse. From the peculiar curves and twists of each tusk, great art u 

 required to cut up the ivory with bast waste. Veneers ore cut in 

 of 80 to an inch thickness of ivory ; and as the sawdust, togetl in with the 

 scraping from after processes, effect a waste of one half, it o: 

 ili:, i 1:11 finished ivory veneers will be no more than an inch in aggregate 

 thickness. The thin plates are used chiefly for miniatures and f 01 

 randuin-books. The Russians, some years ago, devised a m 

 cutting wood veneers out of solid blocks, by slicing it spirally from the 

 surface towards the centre, like unfolding a roll of cloth ; and M. Pape, a 

 pianoforte manufacturer at Paris, afterwords applied thin met' 

 the cutting of ivory veneers. Ho can produce sheet* measuring 150 

 v :>''; ..iM with such sheets he h irface 



oi pianofortes. Ivory forms a fine and delicate material for gro- 

 Hcales in mathematical instruments ; but it i* liable to 

 vxp'ind and contract, under alternations of weather, to an 

 veuieut degree insomuch that the Tithe Commissioners have refused 

 to permit the use of ivory scales in laying down the areas and 

 boundaries of laid. 



h. .IT. after lining cut with the saw, is smoothed and 

 various means such as very fine glass paper, or emery paper ; whiting 

 and water applied by wash leather; oil on a bit of ni- < .viler ; 



Flanders brick, Trent sand, or powdered chalk, wetted, and applied 

 with flannel or a brush ; or scraping and then rubbing on soft wheels. 

 The list wheels employed by ivory-workers consist of 10 to 20 circular 

 pieces of woollen cloth, screwed tightly between two wooden discs of 

 rather smaller diameter; the cloth forms a pliant edge projecting 

 beyond the wood ; such wheels when moistened with Trent sand, are 

 used for polishing parasol handles and similar articles. The ehiei 

 demand in England for ivory is for making knife-handles and e< 

 Ivory is often engraved by the French artists. They In 

 surface with a ground of wax or composition ; then etch the de 

 this ground ; then bite it in by a dilute solution of nitrate of silver ; then 

 wash hi distilled water, dry with blottiug-paper, and expose for one hour 

 to the sun's rays. When the ground has been removed by the o> ' 

 essence of turpentine, the design presents itself as a series of bi 

 lines, which soon become nearly black. The design may bo developed 

 in other tints if, instead of nitrate of silver, there be used nitro- 

 muriate of gold or platinum, or nitrate of copper. Sometimes the 

 ivory itself is engraved, and the lines filled in with hard black varni-h. 

 Another mode of ornamenting ivory is to engrave a design on a 

 plate, take an impression on paper, transfer this impre--i n to thu 

 ivory, stop out the blank portions with guiacum varnish, submit the 

 ivory to the action of dilute acid, and then melt or wash off the 

 varnish ; there will result a tinted engraving on the surface of the 

 ivory. , 



Mr. Cheverton in 1850 patented a mode of making what he 

 artificial ivory. It consists in giving an ivory-like surface to gypsum or 

 alabaster. The ornaments or other articles made of this mat. . 

 exposed for forty-eight hours to a temperature of 800 Fahr., by which 

 the moisture is driven off. They are then immersed till Kitui 

 olive oil or in white hard varnish ; and after being steeped several 

 times in worm water, they are polished with whiting or putty p 

 by which they obtain on ivory-like surface. M. lY.n.-hi has devised a 

 somewhat similar mode of imitating ivory by prewiring a mixture of 

 82 part* plaster of Paris with 1 of Italian yellow ochre ; the materials 

 are reduced to powder, sifted, mixed, liquefied with water, 

 moulds, dried in the open air, baked in an oven, and soaked while hot 

 for a quarter of an hour in a hot mixture of equal ports of spei i 

 white wax, and stcarine ; the cost is finally brushed while worm, and 

 polished with a tuft of cotton wool when cold. 



The curious substance called ttgtlaljlt irvry, is the seed of a genus of 

 plant* named Phytcltphat, from photon and tlr/Jiat, the Greek version 

 of it* English name. An account of it, and of its uses, will be found 

 under PHVTH.I PIUS, in NAT. HIST. luv. 



I vr Hi v ithACK. f BONK BLACK.] 



IXOLITE. A mineral hydrocarbon resembling hartilt. 



