JAGAXATH. 



JALAP. 



Sine* Mr. Porter wrote, the extensions in the use of the Jaoquan 

 apparatu* have been numerou* and important ; and many change* i 

 the mod* of working have been gradually introduced. Messrs Lam 

 ol Kidderminster, in applying it to carpet weaving, have devised modes 

 of ensuring a greater certainty of action, and a diminished liability to 

 disarrangement. Mr. Mackenzie, a Spitalfield* manufacturer, h** 

 substituted a number "of compound needle* for the revolving bars. 

 Mr. Martin has devised a combination of perforated pattern paper*, 

 vertical needles, and presser bars, for selecting and acting upon 

 aerie* of horizontal rods, by means of which the warp thread* of th 

 pattern are determined on. The old method involved a great wear 

 and tear of cardboard, which induced some of the carpet manufacturers 

 to substitute sheet iron. It ha* however since been found practicabl 

 to u*e a continuous strip of paper instead of a series of cards linkec 

 together. The (trip* can be rapidly cut from a previously perfomte< 

 sheet of paper ; ana any number of duplicates may be produced. I 

 required a long time to prepare the card* for a new pattern, and this 

 lessened the willingness to introduce novel designs, on account of the 

 expense ; but by lessening the cost and weight, through the intro- 

 duction of paper great scope i* given for the display of artistic variety 

 Messrs. Crossley, the eminent carpet manufacturers of Halifax, employ 

 the Jaoquard apparatus very largely in weaving the richer designs o 

 carpet ; it is also much used by the manufacturers of waistcoat fabrics 

 at Huddersfiekl. 



Some progrea* ha* been made toward* the application of electricity 

 as a moving power, to the Jaoquard apparatus. If the attempt* prov. 

 successful, they will be noticed in WEAVING. 

 JAGANATH. [JUGGERNAUT!!.] 



JAINAS, a religious sect of the Hindus. The name is derived from 

 the Sanskrit jlna, " victorious," which is the generic name of the 

 deified saint* of this sect. 



The Jainas are very numerous in the southern and western provinces 

 of Hindustan; they are principally engaged in commerce, and from 

 their wealth and influence form a very important division of the popu- 

 lation of the country. The history and opinions of this sect ore also 

 interesting from their striking similarity to the chief peculiarities ol 

 the religion of Buddha. The earliest information concerning this Bed 

 was given in the 9th vol. of the ' Asiatic Researches,' in on 'Account ol 

 the Jaina, collected from a priest of this sect, at Mudj>eri, translated 

 for Major Mackenzie ; ' in ' Particulars of the Jains,' by Dr. Buchanan 

 and in ' Observations of the sect of Jains,' by Colebrooke. Several 

 particulars concerning them are also given in Buchanan's 'Journey 

 from Madras through Mysore,' Ac. ; Wilks's ' Historical Sketch of the 

 South of India ; ' in the work of the AbW du Bois ; and in Ward's 

 ' View of the History, Literature, and Religion of the Hindus.' Infor 

 nation still more important is given in the 1st volume of the ' Trans- 

 actions of the Royal Asiatic Society,' by Colebrooke, ' On the Philosophy 

 of the Hindus ; ' by Major Delamain, ' On the Srnwaks, or Jains ; ' by 

 Colebrooke, Dr. Hamilton, and Col. Franklin, ' On Inscriptions in Jain 

 Temple* in Bebar ; ' by Dr. Hamilton, ' On the Srnwaks, or Jains ; ' and 

 alto in the 2nd volume of the Transactions, by Major Todd, ' On the 

 Religious Establishments in Mewar.' But the moat complete account 

 of thi* sect i* given by Prof. Wilson, in his ' Sketch of the Religious 

 Sect* of the Hindus.' (' As. Re*.,' vol xvii.) 



A view of the literature of the Jaina* i* given by Wilson in his 

 'Descriptive Catalogue of the MSS., Ac., of Col. Mackenzie,' vol. ii., 

 pp. 144-162. The Jainas have their own Puranas and other r< 

 work*, which are principally devoted to the history of the Tortlian 

 kara*, or deified teachers of the sect. The chief Puranas are supposed 

 to have been written by Jina Sena Acharya, who was probably the 

 spiritual preceptor of Amoghaversha, king of Kanchl, at the end of 

 the 9th century of the Christian era. They have also their own work* 

 on astronomy, astrology, medicine, the mathematical sciences, ami the 

 form and disposition of the universe, of which a list is given in Wilson's 

 ' Descriptive Catalogue.' " But the list there given is very far from 

 including the whole of Join literature, or even a considerable pro- 

 portion. The books there alluded to are in fact confined to Southern 

 India, and are writti-n in Sanskrit or the dialects of the peninsula ; 

 but every province of Hindustan con produce Join compositions, cither 

 in Sanskrit or its vernacular idiom ; whilst many of the books, and 

 especially those that may be regarded as their Scriptural authorities, 

 are written in the Prakrit or Magadhi, a dialect which, with the Jains 

 as well a* the Buddha*, is considered to be the appropriate vehicle of 

 their sacred literature." (Wilson, 'As. Re*.,' voL xvii., pp. 242-3.) 

 The Jainas are also said to have a number of works entitled Siddhantos 

 and Agamas, which are to them what the Veda* are to the Brahinaiiir.il 

 Hiitdu*. 



The Jaina* are considered by the Brahman* to form no port of the 

 Hindu Church. The principal point* of difference between them and 

 the Brahmanical Hindu* are 1st, a denial of the divine origin of the 

 Veda* ; 2ndly, the worship of certain holy mortal* who have acquired 

 by self -mortification and penance a power which render* them superior 

 to the god* ; and 3rdly, extreme tenderness for animal life. These 

 doctrine* and cu*tom* are essentially the same as those of the I'.n.l 

 <ihist. The Jains* do not entirely reject the gods of the Hindu 

 mythology; bat they consider them greatly inferior to the Jina*. who 

 are the object of their religion* adoration. The statue* of all or port 

 of the** are in all their temple*, sculptured in black or white marble. 



They are distinguished from each other in colour and stature : two 

 are represented a* red, two a* white, two a* blue, two a* black, and the 

 re*t a* of a golden hue or yellowish-brown. Of these Jina* the most 

 celebrated are Parsvanatha and Mahavira, who alone can be regarded 

 as having any historical existence. 



The origin of this sect has been a subject of much dispute. Some 

 have endeavoured to prove that Buddhism and Jinism are more ancient 

 than the Brahmanicol religion ; but several argument* have already 

 been brought forward in another part of this work which rend 

 hypothesis exceedingly improbable. [EUPHUISM.] It ha*, on the con- 

 trary, been maintained with greater probability, from the absence of 

 all allusion to Jininn in the ancient Brahmanical and Buddhistic works, 

 mporativ 

 .1 DM 



relating to the Jainas which have yet been discovered, none U in.; 

 earlier than the 9th century, that the sect of the Jainas did not become 

 "i .-my importance till the 8th or 9th century of the Christian era. The 

 striking similarity between the Buddhists and Jainas renders it pro- 

 bable that they had the some origin, and that Jinism i* merely another 

 form of Buddhism, accommodated to the prejudices of the Brahmanical 

 Hindus. In the southern provinces of Hindustan, where the Jainas 

 ore the most numerous, the distinction of castes is preserved among 

 thi* sect; but it appears probable, from many circumutances, that 

 originally they had no distinction of caste ; and even in the present 

 day, in the upper provinces, the Jainas all profess to be of one caste, 

 namely, the Vaisyos, which is equivalent to their being of no caste at 

 all. The Jainas also allow Brahmans to officiate as the priests of their 

 temples. The period in which we have supposed Jinism to have first 

 risen into importance coresponds with the time in which the Buddhists 

 were finally expelled from Hindustan. (Wilson's ' Sanskrit Dictionary,' 

 1st edit., preface, pp. xv.-xx.) It therefore appears probable that those 

 Buddhists who were allowed to remain adopted the opinions and prac- 

 tices of Jinism, which may previously have existed as an insignificant 

 division of the Buddhistic faith. In the llth and 12th centuries the 

 religion of the Jainas appears to have been more widely diffused than 

 at any other period. Many princes in the southern part of the penin- 

 sula embraced this faith ; but it gradually lost much of it* powi 

 influence, in consequence of the rapid progress of the Yaishnavas and 

 Saivas. 



The Jainas were anciently called Arhatos, and ore divided into two 

 sects, of which the former is called Vivasanas, Muktavasanas, Muck- 

 tambaras, or Digambaros, in reference to the nakedness of this 

 and the lut u-r Swctnuibaroa, " clad in white," because the teachers of 

 this sect wear white garments. The former are the more ancient. In 

 the early philosophical writings of the Hindus, in which the Jaina* are 

 mentioned, they ore almost always called Digarnbaras, or Nognas, 

 naked." The term Jaina rarely occurs, and that of Swetambara still 

 more rarely. These two sects, though differing from each other in 

 very few points, oppose one another with the bitterest ;min 



The Jainas are also divided into Yatis and Sravakas, clerical anil lay, 



i.- former of whom subsist upon the alms of the latter. The religious 

 ritual of the Jainas is very -imp!.-. The Yatis dispense with act* of 

 devotion at their pleasure ; and the Sravakas are only bound to 

 temple daily, where some of the images of the Jinas are erected, and 

 make a trifling offering of fruit and llowers, accompanied by a short 

 irayer. The Jaina temples are generally superior in size and beauty to 

 -Lose which belong to the Brahmanical religion. [INDIA, Ai;- 

 )K.j Bishop 1 li-lier has given an account of his visit to one of 

 ,hese temples, from which strangers are usually excluded with jealous 

 'His. "The prieat led us," he says, " into a succession of six 

 'mall rooms, with an altar at the end of each, not unlike those in 

 ;. .111:111 Catholic chapels, with a little niche on one side, resembling 

 what in such churches they call the pucin<i. In the centre 01 

 room was a large tray with rice and ghee strongly perfumed, 

 rently as an offering, and men seated on their heels on the floor, ith 

 heir hand* folded as in prayer or religious contemplation. Over each 

 of the altars was an altar-piece, a large bas-relief in mail.le, containing, 

 .ho first five, the lost in succession twenty-five figures, all 

 itting cross-legged, one considerably larger than the rest, an. 1 n {inv- 

 ented as a negro. He, the priest said, was their god; the rest 

 he different bodies he had assumed at different epoch-, vjj.n I 

 it-come incarnate to instruct mankind. The doctrines he had del: 

 >n these occasions make up their theology ; and the progress whic-h 

 any one has made in these mysteries entitles him to w.-i -h., 

 nore of the successive apartments which were shown n -." (' Journal,' 

 .]..- 



The moral code of the Jainas is expressed in five IfofcfvrafM, or 

 great duties:" lt, refraining from injury to life; 2nd, truth; 

 i'l. honesty; 4th, chastity; 5th, freedom fmni v.. il.lly desires. 'I 

 ro also four llhrrnuu, or " merit* : " liberality, gentleness, piety, and 

 icnance. 



JALAP in obtained from several plants of the tribe of the Convol- 



uloctrt. The best is procured from the Exogonium fittrga (Bentham), 



called also Ipomaa jinn/it. It is a native of Mexico, gr up in 



be mountains. Jalap is chiefly ship].. .1 in mi \ 'era I'm/, an.) takes its 



name from the town of Xalapa, or Jolapa, in the interior. It is best 



vlu-n eollectM in March or April, bel'i.n- tin- voung hhooU have begun 



o be developed. The lance rout, ivhirh often nils, is 



i.ii .1 into portions, \vhieh arc hung in net* over a fire, and dried in 



