1013 



JAPONIC ACID. 



JEWELLERY; JEWELLING. 



1014 



it is applied with its face downwards upon the japan ground covered 

 with a thin coat of copal varnish ; the paper is then moistened on the 

 back with a sponge dipped in warm water, which in a few minutes 

 dissolves the isinglass or gum, and the paper which is thus loosened is 

 gently taken away, leaving the impression on the work. Indian ink or 

 other drawings upon paper may be transferred to the japanned ground 

 in the same way. A more expeditious and very effectual mode of 

 transferring an engraving is to print upon a smooth thick layer of a 

 composition of glue, treacle, and whiting, which will receive an impres- 

 sion as perfectly as a sheet of paper : the composition, which is elastic 

 and very flexible, may be immediately laid down upon the japanned 

 surface, which will thus receive nearly as good an impression as if it 

 could have been itself applied to the engraving. 



In whatever manner the work has been painted or printed, or if all 

 addition to the plain colour of the ground has been dispensed with, 

 nothing now remains but the finishing. This is a very simple process. 

 The workman chooses one of the before-named varnishes, and passes it 

 over the work with a brush several times, until he judges the coating 

 thick enough to bear the polish. It is an important precaution not to 

 the varnishing until the preceding work is thoroughly dry, and 

 to dry perfectly each coat before laying on a succeeding one. A hot 

 stove is used in the best establishments to aid in drying the work. 

 When thick enough, the varnish is polished by rubbing it with a rag 

 dipped in finely-powdered tripoli or rotten-stone ; towards the end of 

 the operation a little oil is also applied to the rag, and the work is 

 completed by rubbing with oil alone, to clear off the powder or any 

 other impurity. 



A peculiar species of japan- work is described under BURMESE WARE. 



Japanning, as understood in the Birmingham and Wolverhampton 

 district, ia chiefly applied to the coating of sheet iron-trays, saucepans, 

 and other articles, with black varnish or japan. It is carried on to an 

 immense extent, and is largely executed by women and children. A 

 more delicate variety of the art, also centered in Birmingham, will be 

 found noticed under PAPIER MACHE. 



JAPONIC ACID. [TANNIC ACIDS.] 



JASHER, BOOK OF HOrn 155), or 'the book of the upright,' is 



twice referred to in the Old Testament as a work of authority. (Josh, 

 x. 13; 2 Sam. i. 18.) Many conjectures have been formed concerning 

 the author and contents of this book; but we have no means of 

 arriving at any satisfactory determination on the subject, since the 

 work appears to have been lost before the time of the Babylonish 

 captivity. Some critics have imagined it to be the same work as the 

 book of Judges, which is evidently incorrect from the quotation in the 

 book of Samuel ; St. Jerome and some Jewish authors that it was the 

 book of Genesis ; others, as Bishop Lowth and Gesenius, have main- 

 tained that it was a collection of national sougs. 



In the year 1751, a printer of the name of Hive published a pre- 

 tended translation of the book of Jasher, which was said to have been 

 translated from the original Hebrew by Alcuin of Britain. This work 

 was republished at Bristol in 1829. An interesting account, and an 

 elaborate exposure of this literary forgery is given in Home's ' Intro- 

 duction to the Scriptures.' There are also two Rabbinical books of 

 Jasher ; one is a ' Treatise on the Jewish Laws,' written by Rabbi 

 Ilam in the 13th century, and printed at Cracow in 1617; the other, 

 pretends to be an explanation of the Pentateuch and Joshua, of which 

 it is so much a mere repetition as to excite suspicion of its genuineness. 

 The original, it is stated, was found at the time of the destruction of 

 the Temple by Titus ; it was preserved at Seville, and was printed in 

 Hebrew at Venice in 1613. It has since been translated, and published 

 by Mr. Noak, in New York ; and the translator maintains that thii is 

 the book referred to in Joshua and in Samuel. Dr. S. P. Tregelles, in 

 his edition of Home's ' Introduction to the Scriptures,' (1856), says, " in 

 character it ranks below most apocryphal books and similar forgeries." 



Dr. W. J. Donaldson published in 1855 a book entitled ' Jashar Frag- 

 menta Archetypa Carminum Hebraicorum in Masorethico Veteris Testa- 

 ment! textu passim tessellata. Collegit, ordinavit, restituit, in unum 

 corpus redegit, Latino exhibuit, Commentario instruxit.' In this work 

 he endeavours to prove that the books of the Old Testament were none 

 of them written before the time of Solomon, and then only as frag- 

 ments, which he thinks formed the book of Jasher, or of the Upright ; 

 and that these fragments were subsequently worked up into the shape 

 of the existing books, at least as far as the Psalms. This theory he 

 supports by selecting certain passages, which he styles "the very 

 marrow of divine truth," and considers them as the genuine fragments 

 referred to in the passages in Joshua and in Samuel. It is scarcely 

 necessary to give references to the passages so selected, but the work 

 was printed at Berlin in Hebrew and Latin. To this, in 1855, the 

 Rev. J. J. S. Perowne published a reply ' Remarks on Dr. Donaldson's 

 Book, entitled Jashar ; ' in which he points out the unsatisfactory base 

 of such a theory, founded on an arbitrary selection of passages " culled 

 by editorial skill out of the midst of works already existing as a whole 

 published as a whole, and bearing internal evidences of order and 

 unity of design." They extend from) Genesis i., of which two_ verses 

 are selected, to the dedication of the temple, Psalm Ixviii. 



JASON. [ARGONAUTS.] 



JAUNDICE (from jaw, yellow) is the name given to those 

 diseases in which the excretion of the bile being prevented, it in 



retained in the blood, or re-absorbed, and being diffused throughout 

 the system, gives a yellow colour to the skin, and all the other tissues 

 and secretions. 



The name is however very indefinite, because the cases in which the 

 separation of the bile is prevented are various. Everything, for 

 example, which obstructs the main trunk of the bile-ducts, as gall- 

 stones [CALCULUS, BILIARY], or other foreign bodies filling its canal, 

 certain morbid alterations of the liver or duodenum, or of the duct 

 itself, tumours and enlargements of adjacent organs, will alike 

 mechanically produce jaundice, though their other symptoms differ 

 widely. Again, it is often a symptom of inflammation of the liver, as 

 especially in yellow fever, and of inflammation of the duodenum. But 

 the most frequent cases are those which do not appear to be the con- 

 sequence of any organic disease, but are accompanied by the symptoms 

 of general disorder of the digestive organs, as nausea or vomiting, 

 thirst, and loss of appetite, confined or irregular condition of the 

 towels, headache, and general uneasiness. These cases generally come 

 on suddenly, as a sequel of common diarrhoea, or in the dyspeptic and 

 ihose of a sedentary habit, or whose bowels have been long inactive. 

 [t is often difficult to say what prevents the excretion of the bile ; 

 sometimes it is separated from the blood in too .viscid a form ; some- 

 times mucus appears to obstruct the duct ; in many cases there is 

 probably spasm of the duct, as in those which occur after violent fits 

 of anger or othei^nental affection ; and in some a larger quantity of 

 bile appears to be formed than can be conveyed away with propor- 

 tionate rapidity. 



It is impossible that any one mode of treatment should be adopted 

 for a symptom depending on such varied causes. Where the obstruc- 

 tion is mechanical, the jaundice is of course curable only by the 

 removal of its evident cause ; and in inflammation of the liver it is but 

 a symptom of a more important disease, to which the treatment must 

 be directed. In the more common cases, which, as distinguished from 

 these, are sometimes called functional, the treatment should consist 

 chiefly of small doses of mercury, and active purgatives containing the 

 neutral salts. Warm baths and opium should be used, if there be any 

 spasmodic pain of the right side ; and leeches, if any inflammatory pain 

 or tenderness be felt. A mild diet and the avoidance of all stimulant 

 drinks or food should be carefully enjoined. 



JERVINE (CjpH.jNjOj 4- 4 aq.). Jervina, a vegetable alkaloid 

 found with veratrine, colchicine, and sabadiline in white hellebore root. 

 It is white and crystalline, and melts when heated into an oleaginous 

 liquid ; at. a higher temperature it takes fire, and burns with a sooty 

 flame, without any residue. It is nearly insoluble in water,.but dissolves 

 in alcohol. 



Its compounds with hydrochloric, sulphuric, and nitric acids, are but 

 slightly soluble in water and acids ; the acetate dissolves readily in 

 water ; ammonia decomposes the solution and occasions a bulky preci- 

 pitate of jervine. 



JESUITS; SOCI'ETAS JESU. [LOYOLA, in BIOG. Dry.] 

 JETSAM. [FLOTSAM.] 



JEWELLERY ; JEWELLING. It may be desirable to explain 

 briefly the sense in which the words jewellery and jewelling are under- 

 stood, as manufacturing terms. 



Jewellery. A jewel is a gem or precious stone, such as the diamond, 

 sapphire, ruby, &c. The cutting of these gems, to give them a par- 

 ticular contour as well as reflecting facets, is the art of the lapidary, 

 who works with very small sharp-edged wheels ; the wheels are made 

 to rotate rapidly ; and their edges are touched with the powder of 

 some substance harder than that which is to be worked upon ; the 

 gem is thus ground away rather than cut although it is sometimes 

 severed into portions by a process midway between cutting and slitting. 

 The different gems themselves are described under their proper names, 

 as objects of mineralogy, in the NATURAL HISTORY DIVISION of this 

 Cyclopaedia ; the mode of cutting will be sufficiently understood by 

 reference to many of those articles, to CAMEO and EMERY, and to the 

 latter portion of the present article ; while the process of making 

 artificial or factitious gems occupies one of the sections in GLASS 

 MANUFACTURE. 



The word jewellery, however, has a wider sense than this. It com- 

 prises the setting of precious stones, and also the manufacture of small 

 ornamental works in gold and silver, even when no precious stones are 

 employed in them. The line of distinction between a goldsmith and a 

 jeweller is not very marked, so far as the original meaning of the word 

 is concerned ; but there is a certain well-understood trade distinction. 

 Goldsmith's work, under the general name of plate, comprises the 

 articles which are stamped at Goldsmith's Hall and similar places ; 

 while jewellery comprises the smaller articles which are not so 

 stamped. 



There are great differences in the quality of the gold employed. 

 Absolutely pure gold being technically called " 24 carats fine," all 

 other gold is named according to the ratio between fine gold and the 

 alloy, estimated in 24ths. The alloy may be silver, or copper, or a 

 mixture of both. Old standard gold used to have, and sterliny gold 

 still has, 22 of gold to 2 of alloy ; new standard has 18 to 6. None 

 below this can receive the " hall mark," or Goldsmith's Hall stamp. 

 Gold of lower quality is often known by its value per ounce, as 60s.- 

 gold, 40.-gold, &c. Gold as high as 22 carats can rarely be used in 

 jewellery ; it is too soft. The so-called Jine-gold of the jewellers is now 



