DR. RICHARD CATON'S PAPER 65 



among the 3,000 or 4,000 children who receive this 

 humanized milk is very low, and a great number of 

 lives are thereby saved. In those cases in which 

 unhappily the poor mother is compelled to leave her 

 child and spend the day in labour, the creches or 

 day nurseries in various parts of the city, established 

 by private benevolence, receive the infant. Its diet 

 is supplemented ; it is kept clean and tended during 

 the hours of the mother's absence. 



In the primary schools the girls, especially in the 

 higher standards, receive instruction in the simple 

 rules of hygiene and house management, the import- 

 ance of air, light, and sun, the need of cleanliness of 

 the person and the house, the rules of diet, the evils 

 that follow the taking of alcohol, and the general 

 rules of nursery management and the dieting of 

 infants. These elder girls have much to do with the 

 infants and young children in their own households ; 

 they are commonly the nurses of their younger 

 brothers and sisters ; they act as sanitary missionaries 

 in the house, and when, in their turn, they become 

 wives and mothers, the knowledge thus acquired will 

 prove of great personal value. Medical consultations 

 for infants have been established in the city. 



When a young child ceases to be nursed from the 

 breast much depends upon the cow's milk it is 

 supplied with. Great care is taken in Liverpool to 

 prevent the selling of milk containing tuberculous or 

 any other infective material. Every cow, every cow- 

 house, every dairy, every milk shop, in the city is 

 inspected, and all milk coming from the country 

 (which is much more frequently in fault than the 

 town milk) is carefully tested. In order to detect 

 the presence of tuberculous virus in the milk, samples 

 are constantly being administered to guinea-pigs, and 

 if tubercle is thereby caused in the guinea-pig it is 

 invariably found that the milk given has come from 

 a cow infected with tubercle, and the milk from that 



