DR. J. W. KERR'S PAPER 183 



that city. The principles had thus been outlined 

 which should serve as a basis in future to improve 

 milk supplies, and in 1907 these were collected by the 

 United States Public Health Service ; additional 

 studies were made and all the data published in an 

 exhaustive treatise which has become a classic on 

 milk in its relation to the public health. 



It would be impracticable to refer to the inception 

 of all measures for the production of safe milk, or to 

 mention their promoters, such, for instance, as the 

 use of glass milk bottles by Morris in Philadelphia 

 in 18/8, the use of the vacuum apparatus by 

 Francisco in 1910 to clean milk cows, the use of the 

 beer pasteurizer by North in 1908 to pasteurize milk 

 in bottles at the farm, and the reciprocal acceptance 

 by cities such as Pittsburg and Cleveland of milk in- 

 spectors' reports. That they have all exerted an in- 

 fluence is evidenced by the present attitude in respect 

 to the control of milk supplies. 



PRESENT SYSTEMS OF SUPERVISION. 



The milk problem in the United States is many- 

 sided, and being approached from different angles by 

 both voluntary and official agencies. For purposes 

 of supervision, the best classification of milk is 

 generally accepted to be (a) certified, (b) inspected, 

 (c] pasteurized, and (a) cooking. 



The production and handling of certified milk is 

 supervised by voluntary medical milk commissions, 

 of which there are now seventy-two organized in 

 different parts of the country. The methods and 

 standards are prescribed by the Association of Medical 

 Milk Commissions, but certified milk is recognized 

 also in the laws of several States, including New 

 Jersey. The methods and standards under which 

 certified milk is produced and distributed represent the 

 ideals of dairy hygiene, the adoption of which the 

 United States Public Health Service has encouraged 



