196 ADMINISTRATIVE SECTION 



In the first place, the City Medical Officer, in 

 common no doubt with all medical officers, realizes 

 the advantages of an abundant use of good pure milk, 

 at a cost within the reach of all classes. The fulfil- 

 ment of this need implies that the pure product of 

 a healthy animal shall, in every detail, be so protected 

 from contamination at its source by cleanliness in 

 milking, in transport, in storage, in the depot and the 

 shop, during domestic delivery and after domestic 

 delivery, that no precautions shall be neglected to 

 ensure its use while sweet, fresh, and clean. 



Although large numbers of cows are kept in the 

 great cities, yet, generally speaking, they do not 

 supply more than one half of the needs of the popula- 

 tion. The other half is supplied from the country. 

 In a city like Liverpool, for instance, there are 

 approximately 6,000 cows, which supply upwards of 

 17,000 gallons of milk a day, but the daily consump- 

 tion of milk amounts to 35,000 gallons per day, or 

 a little more than 7 oz. of milk every day per head 

 of the population. Consequently, a little more than 

 50 per cent, of the milk consumed comes from the 

 country, and, therefore, in ensuring the purity of the 

 source of the milk supply, the City Medical Officer 

 has as vital an interest in regard to the milk coming 

 from the country as he has in the milk coming from 

 the city. 



As the result of systematic bacteriological investi- 

 gation, it was found, a number of years ago, that a 

 larger proportion of tuberculous contamination was 

 found in milk sent into the city from the country 

 districts than was the case with milk supplied from 

 the city cowsheds. This, naturally, was a matter of 

 very grave concern, especially when it was ascertained 

 that many rural districts had taken no steps to control 

 or supervise the milk trade carried on in those areas ; 

 they had not even made by-laws for the purpose, and 

 many that had gone the length of making by-laws had 



