AGRICULTURAL DRAINAGE. 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE 



Preface to Second Edition . . . . . .53 



Results of personal observation of Drainage during four years . 54 

 Lord Wharncliffe's system of Drainage confuted by Josiah Parkes 55 

 Introduction to Original Article in Quarterly Review . . 57 



Ancient authorities on Drainage, British and Foreign . 57-72 



Roman Writers on Draining . . . . . .73 



Earliest notice of English Draining . . . . .73 



Andrew Yarranton ....... 74 



Captain Walter Blith ....... 75 



Sluggish Rivers and Water-Mills ; injury done by them . . 78 



Joseph Elkington, Drainage of Springs . . . 81-85 



Under-drainage, definitions and terms . . . .85 



Smith of Deanston ...... 85-88 



Josiah Parkes, C.E., his Works on Drainage . . .88 



Cause of coldness of Retentive Soils . . . .90 



Their temperature raised by Draining . . . .91 



Four feet, where attainable, prescribed as a minimum depth for 



Drains Reasons ..... 95-97 



Effect of depth and direction of Drains . . . . 97-99 



Mode in which Water of Drainage enters Drains . . 99-101 



Materials of Conduit, Sticks, Straw, Clods, and Mole-plough " . 101 

 Horse-shoe Tiles form a bad Conduit .... 102 



Introduction of Cylindric Pipes for Land-Drainage . . 104 



Pipes and Collars, and Pipe and Collar-making Machines . . 105 



Cost of Drains per yard Form and Tools .... 105 

 Obstruction of Drains by Roots, note . . . . 105-107 



Resistance from friction to Water entering Drains, how overcome, 



and quantity of Water which a Conduit of 1-inch pipes can 



discharge ....... 105-109 



Danger of interruption to a Conduit of Pipes uncollared . .109 



Controversy on deep and shallow Draining . . .110 



Operation of deep Drains in the most retentive Soils, the stiffest 



Clays 112 



Reasons for presuming that deeper Drains than four feet now in 



use are not generally required ..... 114 



