146 SSAYS SCIENTIFIC AND PHILOSOPHICAL. 



Politics, 1253* 16, it is said to be the property of 

 man that he passes moral judgments, avOpwiroi^ 

 t&ov TO SiKaiov KOL a^LKOv aiffO^mv e\eiv t yet in the 

 Natural History (588*20), it is admitted that traces 

 are to be found in the brutes of moral states. 

 So man is 0u<ra 7roX(rtcov wov (Pol., 1253*2. 8., 

 Eth., iO97 b n), yet among gregarious animals we 

 see the beginnings of this (Z. 588 a ). Brutes, by a sort 

 of (frvvticri Svvafjiic; (588* 30), show a resemblance to 

 the conscious life of man. They are to humanity 

 as the child to the full-grown man. If man is the 

 perfect animal, animals are imperfect men, and so 

 right down the scale, for Aristotle feels the break 

 between living and not living, as little as the 

 break between brute and man or plant and animal. 

 Ourw $' K rwv a^vyjutv ac TO. wa ^tra/3a/va Kara 

 jUiKpov f) (f)vcri wort r arvv\iq XavOavsiv TO /mtOopiov 

 aurwv Krai ro jutcrov Troripuv IGTIV' /nera yap TO rwv 

 v y!i'O ro TWV (f>VT&v irp^Tov tort* KCU 

 wpog trfjoov Siafyepti rtu fj.a\\ov SoKtlv 

 6Xov Sc ro JVOQ rrpoc; /nlv raAXa 



ai/rwv ti ra w 



(588 b 4, etc.). 

 Still the line which separates man from brute is 

 a real one since man can consciously set before 

 himself an end, an ideal of knowledge or of action. 

 He alone has speech \6yoz. Mere sounds <j>wvai, 

 indicate sensation, but speech indicates vvufapov and 



