148 SSAYS SCIENTIFIC AND PHILOSOPHICAL. 



personal life, on which ethics, religion, and law 

 depend, as much a new departure with regard to 

 nature as the living is to the not living ? 



The practical end. Here Aristotle has no hesita- 

 tion, and he claims every one on his side. Man, 

 as a practical being, sets before himself GOOD, rd 

 dyaOov, not an abstract t^ca rayaOov, which is an 

 object of reverence and worship as well as of desire, 

 but rd dyaOov, the good, which, in the region of art, 

 mechanic or aesthetic, is a tangible result (tpyov), 

 in the region of practice, a condition which is not 

 passive, but active. This is admitted to be tuSat- 

 juovm, welfare or well-being, rather than what we 

 understand by happiness. 



But man is a social as well as an active being, 

 0wft KOSTIKOV wov, and the individual cannot be 

 abstracted from the family and the state. DoXm/c^ 

 deals with the welfare of the state ; OLKOVO/UIIICTJ with 

 the welfare of the family ; ra ^OiKa with the wel- 

 fare of the individual. Yet Ethics is TroXmidj rig, 

 because man is a TTO\ITIKOV %wov, and to abstract 

 his happiness from that of the whole is to make 

 happiness impossible. 



Contrast with modern thought. When we turn 

 from Aristotle to the modern world, we find that 

 a new conception has appeared, that of duty. There 

 is a life which I ought to live apart from the fact 

 that such a life is both happy and the only happy 

 life and also the life which wins by its moral 



