A SUMMARY OF ARISTOTLE'S ETHICS. 153 



tiSwg, TrpoaipovfJLtvwQ KOI irpoaipov/uLBvwz $i avro, 

 fitfla'uoc; KOL d/mtTaKivi'iTws X W|; - Of these the second 

 is the all-important condition, for a man cannot 

 act Trpoaipovpsvwg unless he acts U^WQ, and a formed 

 t&e irpomptTiKi) is a guarantee for permanence. 

 The test (oTj^aov) of the formed habit is, that a 

 man acts from free choice and feels pleasure in it. 

 And this is equally true whether the Trpoaipcmg is 

 good or bad. We can infer nothing as to the 

 moral character of the acts from the pleasure which 

 ensues, we can only infer that the habit, good or 

 bad, is formed. 



The steps, then, in the formation of a virtuous 

 character, according to Aristotle, will be as follows: 



(a) Obedience to the law of right, secured, in the 

 state, by pains and penalties, in the family, by affec- 

 tion and the father's command. 



(/3) The formation of ?ae under these influences. 



(7) The transition from Sfccua irparTtiv to Sncatoc 

 tlvat, when the child gradually becomes capable of 

 rational choice and loves right for right's sake. 



This last step, however, needs further examina- 

 tion. What is TTpoaiptmg ? It is different from 

 spontaneity (TO IKOVVIOV), in which all animals share, 

 because it implies what animals have not, /3ouArj<nc, 

 wish for an end, and flov\tv<ri, deliberation with a 

 view to the end. If man had not vovg, permeating 

 even ro optKTtKov, he would not have a conception of 

 , nor could he deliberate with a view to it. 



