190 ESSAYS SCIENTIFIC AND PHILOSOPHICAL. 



as pantheists is only to say that, so far as we can 

 translate their language into ours, that name seems 

 less inappropriate than Theist or Deist. But it is 

 doubtful whether the distinction between Pan- 

 theism and Theism would have been intelligible 

 to either philosopher, and certain that, if they could 

 have understood it, they would have denied to it 

 reality. Both held the immanence of the Eternal 

 Principle in all that is. Both taught that the soul 

 is an emanation from the Divine, and both, though 

 in very different degrees, seem to teach that a life 

 is perfect in proportion as it becomes one with that 

 from which it came, and loses what is individual 

 in it. 



Of Heracleitus* views on ethics we know practi- 

 cally nothing except what we may infer from his 

 contempt for practical life and practical politicians. 

 In Aristotle, however, where, as we have seen, ethics 

 and metaphysics, though distinguished are not 

 separated, we get a new parallel to the teaching 

 of Chuang-Tzii. While Aristotle is dealing with 

 the problems of Ethics What is Lv^aL/uovia ? 

 What is dptrr)? What is the voluntary? What 

 is free choice ? he deliberately puts metaphysical 

 and theological questions on one side, but in the 

 progress of his investigation, as he follows his usual 

 order from the material, formless, unreasonable, un- 

 stable, to that which is immaterial, pure form, pure 

 reason, and eternal, he is led to determine the 



