PHYLOGENY OF FUNGI 241 
teliospores instead of the homologous ascospores or 
basidiospores, and in these plants the fruit body has 
become so reduced as to be scarcely recognizable as such. 
The excessive parasitism of these plants may account for 
their physical degeneration. As to the origin of the 
Brand Fungi it is probable that they came off from the 
parasitic Ascosporeae rather early in the phyletic history, 
and a possible relationship is here suggested with the 
Exoascales, and the Phacidiales. 
417. The Imperfect Fungi are thought to be mainly 
Ascosporeae that may have lost their ascospores through 
excessive degeneration. It is probable, however, that 
many of them are the conidial stages of Ascosporeae and 
Basidiosporeae whose relationship is not yet recognized. 
In recent years many conidial forms hitherto placed here 
have been found to belong to well known ascigerous 
fungi. 
LITERATURE OF CARPOMYCETEAE 
F. E. Ciements, The Genera of Fungi, Minneapolis, 1909. 
P. A. Saccarpo, Sylloge Fungorum, Vols. I to XXII, 1882-1913. 
These are comprehensive works; the following include certain 
portions of the Higher Fungi. 
J. B. Exurs and B. M. Eversart, North American Pyrenomy- 
cetes, Newfield, 1892. 
Bruce Fink, Lichens of Minnesota, Washington, 1910. 
ALBERT ScHNEIDER, A Text-book of Lichenology, Binghamton, 
1897. 
L. M. Unprerwoop, Molds, Mildews and Mushrooms, New 
York, 1899. } 
C. B. PLowricut, A Monograph of the British Uredineae and 
Ustilagineaea, London, 1889. 
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