292 PHYLUM XIV. ANTHOPHYTA 
(c) Make a similar macroscopic examination of the leaves (of 
the sporophytes), noting whether they arise singly at the nodes 
(“‘alternate”’ leaves), or in pairs (‘‘opposite’’), or in whorls of 
three or more (“‘whorled’’); determine the shape (sometimes 
variable), margin, surface, size and variation of the leaf blades; 
the length and shape of the petioles; and the shape and position 
of the stipules (where present). For the microscopic anatomy 
make cross-sections of the leaves and note shape and size of 
the epidermal cells, thickness of cuticle, character of hairs, 
type and location of vascular bundles (veins), and amount and 
location of the forms of parenchyma tissue (the mesophyll) 
called “‘palisade” and “sponge” parenchyma respectively. 
In cross-sections of the petioles note size of intercellular spaces. 
Make sections of the blade parallel to the surface, and note the 
comparative frequency of the stomata in the upper and lower 
epidermis, shape of epidermal cells (and correlation with type 
of venation if any), component tissues of the veins and the 
course of the latter, etc. 
(d) Study the macroscopic structure of the flowers observing 
them from above, note that they are radially symmetrical (ac- 
tinomorphic). Note theshape of the axis (torus) and how the 
flower parts are attached to it, making a longitudinal section if 
necessary; observe that it does not surround or grow fast to 
any floral parts. Note the number and arrangement (in spirals 
or whorls) of the megasporophylls (carpels), and observe that 
they are free from one another (apocarpous); distinguish the 
ovary and stigma (and style if present); make transverse and 
longitudinal sections of carpels and observe number and loca- 
tion of the megasporangia (ovules). Count and note arrange- 
ment (in spirals or whorls) of the microsporophylls (stamens) ; 
examine one carefully and note the filament (stalk) and anther 
(cluster of microsporangia) ; section transversely an unopened 
anther and note the four microsporangia; examine the mi- 
crospores (pollen) from a mature anther. For the petals note 
number, shape, color, size, and particularly their arrangement 
(spirals or whorls). Make a similar study of the sepals; note 
whether free or united; observe their arrangement with refer- 
ence to the petals. 
(e) The study of the female gametophyte will require the 
use of prepared slides. If possible they should show the devel- 
opment from the megaspore mother-cell (archespore) to four 
