300 PHYLUM XIV. ANTHOPHYTA 
emerges the leaves appear, the short stem remaining in the seed 
for some time before it begins to elongate. 
(c) For the lilies use any true lily (Lilium) or one of the 
following: Erythronium, Yucca, Allium, or Trillium. By 
longitudinal and transverse sections of the flowers show the 
single, superior, tricarpellary pistil, the double, trimerous 
whorl of stamens, the three petals, and the three sepals. 
(d) In like manner examine the small flowers of any culti- 
vated ‘‘Calla Lily”’ (or Arisaema, Pothos, or Acorus), and note 
also the thick axis (spadix) on which the flowers are collected, 
and the large, subtending bract (spathe). Look for more or 
less reduction in the structure of the flowers in some of these 
plants. 
(e) The lily-like staminate flowers of the Coconut (Cocos 
nucifera) should be studied like those of the true lilies (c) for 
general plan, and the pistillate flowers for a considerable modi- 
fication of that plan. Add a study of the mature’nut. The 
perfect flowers of the palmettos (Sabal) are much like the 
staminate flowers of the coconut, but the fruits may develop 
one, two or three of their carpels. 
(f) Examine segments of Bamboo stems for woodiness. Dis- 
sect Bamboo spikelets, noting their general structure; study the 
flowers with their nearly complete perianth whorls, three or six 
stamens, and two or three stigmas. 
(g) A further reduction of the flower structure together with 
a typical, not much reduced, spikelet structure, may be found 
in the herbaceous grasses Bromus, Poa, Triticum, or Avena. 
Study the spikelet structure, and then the flowers, in which 
both perianth whorls are incomplete, one whorl of stamens is 
lacking, and the pistil has but two stigmas. Examine also the 
hollow stem (including nodes and internodes) and leaves 
(including sheaths and blades). 
(h) Examine the solid stem (stalk) of Indian Corn (Zea) 
in cross and longitudinal sections, and also’ the leaves and 
sheaths. Dissect a staminate spikelet (from the “tassel’’) 
with its two tristaminate flowers. Dissect out from a young 
“ear” a pistil with its long style (“‘silk’’), and reduced and 
distorted scales at its base. 
(¢) Examine a plant of Bulrush (Scirpus) and note arrange- 
ment of leaves on the solid (parenchymatous) stem, and the 
structure of blade and sheath. Dissect a spikelet (noting its 
