306 PHYLUM XIV. ANTHOPHYTA 
(d) In a similar way and making similar comparisons study 
the flower of Wild Geranium (Geranium), or Cultivated 
Geranium (Pelargonium). 
(e) In the Violets and Pansy (Viola) make out especially 
the structure of the pistil and its stigma, the fewer stamens (the 
two lowér extended backward), and the zygomorphic perianth. 
(f) In studying the flowers of Mustard (Brassica) or of 
Radish (Raphanus), note particularly the reduction of the 
general flower-parts to fours, with the carpels and outer whorl 
of stamens further reduced to two. 
(g) In the Pinks (using Lychnis, Silene or Dianthus) observe 
the disappearance of the septa in the ovary, leaving a free 
central placenta, and note the number of styles and number and 
arrangement of the stamens, petals and (united) sepals. 
(h) For the Primrose flower (Primula) make out the pistil 
structure, comparing with that of the Pinks, the central pla- 
cental column, the capitate stigma, the five stamens attached 
to the tubular spreading corolla, and somewhat united sepals. 
(t) Note the similarities and dissimilarities in the structure 
of the flower of Phlox as compared with Primula. 
(7) Study the funnel-shaped Petunia flower noting especially 
the reduction of the carpels to two and the slight zygomorphy 
of some of the corollas. The more open flower of Solanum, or 
the long-tubular flower of Nicotiana may be substituted for 
Petunia. 
(k) In the Snapdragon (Antirrhinum) in addition to the 
marked zygomorphy of the corolla, note that one of the stamens 
(the posterior) has disappeared. Digitalis with similar stamens, 
or Pentstemon with four fertile and one sterile stamen may be 
substituted for Antirrhinum. 
(l) In the flowers of Sage (Salvia) or Horsemint (Monarda) 
note the strongly-marked bilabiate structure, and the reduced 
number of stamens, as well as the reduction of the pistil to two 
bilobed, biovulate carpels. In Dead Nettle (Lamium) the 
stamens are four instead of two. 
Cup FLOWERS 
561. The Strawberry (Fragaria) described above is 
one of the simplest of the Cup Flowers; in fact it is so 
