SUMMARY OF ANTHOPHYTA 315 
(k) In examining the flowers of the Parsnip (Pastinaca), 
note first the umbellate inflorescence, and then dissect out a 
little flower, noting especially the very small vestiges of sepals. 
Study the matured fruit noting that it splits vertically into 
two halves. The Carrot (Daucus) or Cow Parsnip (Heracleum) 
may be substituted for the Parsnip. 
(1) Make dissections of the flowers of the Honeysuckle 
(Lonicera), Snowberry (Symphoricarpos) or Elder (Sambucus) 
and note the few-celled, few-seeded, inferior ovary, very small 
sepals, and the somewhat zygomorphic (regular in Sambucus) 
corolla of united petals, upon which are borne the few stamens. 
(m) Make a macroscopic examination of a Sunflower head 
(Helianthus), noting the involucre of green bracts on the back, 
the marginal row of ligulate flowers (“rays”), and the central 
mass (“disk”) of tubular flowers. Dissect out and examine 
carefully an individual flower of each kind, noting particularly 
the calyx (“pappus’’), and inferior, bicarpellary, one-seeded 
pistil. Dissect a mature achene (“seed”). Rudbeckia or 
Coreopsis may be substituted for Helianthus. 
(n) Study the flower-head of the Dandelion (Taraxacum 
or Leontodon), comparing it with that of the Sunflower. Note 
the following points of difference: the development of the cor- 
ollas of all flowers into ligules, fertility of all flowers, develop- 
ment of calyx (pappus) as a whorl of numerous fine bristles, 
and absence of bracts subtending each flower. Examine a 
fruiting head. Note the presence of latex in the plant. Wild 
or cultivated Lettuce (Lactuca) may be substituted for the 
Dandelion. 
SUMMARY OF ANTHOPHYTA 
578. Looking back over the Flowering Plants it is 
seen that their simpler forms are like those of Buttercups 
and their near relatives, and that from this primitive 
type there have arisen three diverging phyletic groups. 
One of these (the Monocotyledons) begins with the 
Water Plantains, and culminates in the Orchids: another 
(the Axis Flowers) begins with the Buttercups and 
passing through various intermediate forms culminates in 
