ANEMOPHILY 321 
which has lost its leaves, its green color, and its firm stem 
structure. The Broom-rapes (Orobanchaceae) likewise 
have bract-like, chlorophyll-less leaves. 
And so the saprophytic Indian Pipes (Mon- 
otropaceae) show a_ similar reduction. 
Somewhat allied to these modifications 
are those in the case of the so-called In- 
sectivorous plants where the leaves are modi- Pa ae 
fied into pitchers, or other structures for the Morning glory 
: : . and dodder. 
capture or digestion of insects. 
586. In their evolution from the primitive type of 
flower to the more derived structures the Flowering 
Plants have produced a multitude of forms of flowers 
many of which show themselves extremely well-fitted for 
certain very definite conditions. It is in connection 
with the methods of pollination that the greatest varia- 
tion isshown. It seems certain that the primitive flowers 
were dependent, as are the vast majority of flower types 
now, upon the aid of insects in pollination. However, 
very numerous groups of Flowering Plants have given 
up this so-called “entomophilous” habit, and are polli- 
nated by the wind (“‘anemophilous’’). Such 
flowers are usually marked by certain charac- 
ters in common, viz. the abundance and 
lightness of the pollen, the occurrence of the 
staminate flowers in hanging clusters, ‘‘cat- 
4% =o kins”’ (easily swung by the wind, as in the 
Frc. 199. Walnut, Oak, etce.); or with the branches or 
Gaunt inflorescence slender and swinging easily in 
the wind (as in various grasses); the styles 
and stigmas are usually very large, thus exposing more 
surface on which the chance pollen grains may be caught; 
usually too the pistils have but one, or very few ovules, 
for each ovule requires a pollen grain for its fertilization 
21 
