NOSEBANDS. 217 



the lower jaw on which the curb bears. Major Dwyer 

 remarks, that it prevents the horse catching the bit with 

 his back teeth. 



The cavasson noseband is the neatest and most useful 

 kind. It may either have a separate headpiece, similar 

 to the " bridoon head " of a double bridle, or have cheek- 

 pieces which fasten on to the buckles to which the crown- 

 piece of the bridle is attached. It can then be raised or 

 lowered as required, and may be used with either snaffle 

 or curb. 



A Bncephalns noseband is merely an arrangement 

 for tightening and loosening a noseband whose ends 

 pass round the lower jaw and buckle on to the upper 

 rings of the cheeks of the curb. 



In order to increase the severity of the noseband with 

 a standing martingale, a flat piece of flexible steel, 

 or a curbchain, may be sewn up inside the front part of 

 the noseband. This arrangement might be useful with 

 a determined rearer. 



A noseband may be used, with advantage, to take off 

 the plainness of a horse's head. 



Martingales. — The uses of the running martingale are 

 — (i) to aid the hands and arms in keeping the horse's 

 head down ; (2) to increase the power of the rider in 



