INTRODTJCTION. XIX 



bly during the last live years, but there is no method of ascertaining 

 the precise increase. The gain by excess of arrivals over departures 

 seaward, was 3,232 in 1853 ; 23,023 in '54; 6,300 in '55; 5,372 in '56; 

 6,088 in '57; 12,745 in '58 ; 13,402 in '59 ; 16,185 in 'GO ; 16,864 in '61 ; 

 16,150 in '62; 15,882 in '63 ; 9,773 in '64; 4,759 in '66; and 14,470 in 

 1867 ; malting a total gain of 165,245 in fourteen years. In 1865 there 

 was a decrease of 3,780, leaving a net gain of 161,405. The increase, by 

 birth has more than counterbalanced the loss by death and by emigration 

 overland to Nevada, Idaho, and Montana. In section 252 I estimated the 

 population at 400,000 ; and if that figure was correct for the 1st July, 

 1860, and I am inclined to think it was, then the present population of 

 <>alifornia is not far from 500,000. 



§ 21. Manufactures. — Since 1862, there has been a very rapid develop- 

 ment of the manufacturing industry of the country. Mills and factories 

 have been estabhshed, and are now in operation, making cotton goods, 

 powder, linseed and castor oils, ropes of iron and hemp, glass, shot, lead 

 pipe, boots and shoes, and brushes. Additional paper and woolen mills 

 have been buUt. A rolling mill is now in the course of erection. - These 

 manufactures are nearly all at San Francisco, which is likely to become 

 one of the chief manufacturing cities of the Union. Large quantities of 

 turpentine and rosin are made in Butte and Yuba Counties. In 1866, 18 

 vessels left San Francisco for the codfish banks of the North Pacific, and 

 they brought back fish which when dried weighed 900 tons. Tiiis fishery 

 began in 1864. The production of soap in San Francisco in 1866 was 

 13,000,000 pounds. 



§ 22. -San Francisco. — The growth of San Francisco has been steady 

 and rapid since 1862. Every year has witnessed great changes and vast 

 additions to the number of buildings. The city is truly metropolitan in 

 its appearance. Montgomery Street, as a fashionable retail street and 

 promenade, has no superior on the continent, save Broadway ; and Kearny 

 Street, which is now being widened, is rapidly advancing to rival Mont- 

 gomery. There are three hotels, which in size and style deserve to take 

 rank with the finest of New York. Five street railroads are ready to take 

 passengers to every part of the city. One of the largest and finest stone 

 dry-docks of the world is nearly completed, at Hunter's Point. The con- 

 struction of a sea-wall, to protect the harbor, has been commenced. 

 Splendid buildings have been erected by the Merchants' Exchange Associ- 

 ation, the Mercantile Library Association, and the Mechanics' Institute. 

 The silver mines of AYashoe, and the principal quartz mines of California, 



