465 



APPE NDIX. 



Columbia is navigable ninety-six miles from its mouth t..r 

 vessels drawing sixteen feet of water. The River, where it 

 op .ns to the s.a, is four miles wide, and that width contnr.ies 

 for" eighteen miles inland. Oif the mouth is a bar wit!> 

 eiMiteen feet of water at lovv tide. The channel is narrow 

 an°l crooked, the bar is difficult, the winds are frequently 

 hic^h, and fogs common; and tlie entrance is considered 

 dano-erous by mariners and insurance companies. Inside, 

 the 'navigation is excellent, the river being wide and the 

 water deep. At the Cascades, one hundred miles from the 

 ocein, the Columbia falls forty feet in five miles, interrupting 

 navigation ; and sixty miles farther up there is another simi- 

 lar interruption by a fall of forty feet at the Dalles. The 

 Willamette is navigable for vessels drawing twelve feet t;om 

 its mouth to Portland; thence to the fdls at Oregon City fa- 

 vessels drawing six feet ; thence to Salem for vessels drawing 

 four feet; and from Salem light steamers can run to Eugene 

 City during a portion of the year. The Columbia, though not 

 straight, h;s no short turns, whereas the Willamette, meander- 

 ing through a flat valley, has a multitude of small crooks, 

 with numerous sloughs and arms. Snake River >s probably 

 navigable, but no steamers have been placed upon it. ihe 

 V,orts of Oregon, besides those on the Columbm R.ver, are 

 Port Orford, Goose Bay, Umpqua River, .and Tillamook Bay, 

 Port Orford, in latitude 42° 25', is safe during the summer, 

 thnt is, while the north winds blow, but is open to the south 

 and is insecure during the winter months. The harbor is 

 deep and of good size, .and has a good anchorage. Coose B.iy, 

 in latitude 43° 30', has an entrance about a quarter ot a mile 

 wide, with ten feet of water on the bar at low tide. Inside 

 the water is deep and the anchor.age perfectly secure. Port 

 Orford and Coose Bay rarely have any vessels at anchor m 

 their waters. The Umpqua River, in latitude 43° 45 , has an 

 entrance about half a mile wide, and fifteen feet water at low 

 tide. Inside, the water is deeper and the anchorage safe. 

 This and Portland are the only two ports of Oregon regu- 

 20* 



