466 APPENDIX. 



larly visited "by ocean steamers. In latitude 45° 45' is False 

 Tillamook Bay, which is nearly round, three-quarters of a mile in 

 diameter, with an entrance a quarter of a mile wide, opening to 

 the south. The harbor is secure against all winds save those 

 from the south. There are no islands off the coast of Oregon. 

 The principal lakes are the Upper Kalamath lake, the lower 

 Kalamath lake, part of which is in California, and several 

 smaller lakes or sinks of rivers in that, portion of the great 

 basin lying wiihin the limits of Oregon. All these lakes 

 are in districts where the soil is poor and the vegetation 

 scanty. There are two principal mountain ranges in Ori^gon, 

 hoth running north and south, the Coast and the Cascade chains. 

 The Coast Mountains, lying along the coast, from latitude 

 42° to the Columbia, vary from two thousand to four thousand 

 feet high ; they are covered with evergreen trees. The Cas- 

 cade mountains, forming a portion of the high range running 

 from lat. 55° to ?.o°, and known as the Sierra ISTevada in Cali- 

 lornia, are from four thousand to ten thousand feet high, with 

 occasional peaks rising still higher. This range on its west 

 slope is covered with coniferous trees; much of its east slope 

 is bare. The principal peaks are Mount Hood, in latitude 

 45° 20', thirteen thousand feet high ; Mount Jefferson, in lat- 

 itude 44° 40', eleven thousand feet ; the Three Sisters, in lati- 

 tude 44° 10', eleven thousand feet ; and Mount Pitt, in lati- 

 tude 42° 25', ten thousand feet. All these rise into the re- 

 gion of perpetual snow, and all of them are extinct volca- 

 noes. How long they have been extinct is not known, but 

 the Indians have traditions of a time when Mount Hood was 

 an acti\e volcano. Other mountain ranges are the Blue Ridge, 

 westof the Owyhee River; the Siskiyou Ridge, between Ore: 

 gon and California ; the Umpqua Mountains, between the Ump- 

 qua and Rogue Rivers ; and the Calapooya Mountains, between 

 the valleys of the Umpqua and Willamette Rivers. — Nearly all 

 the tillable land in the State is in the valley of the Willamette, 

 a body of land about one hundred and twenty miles long fi-ora 

 north to south by thirty miles wide. The soil is a gravelly clay 



