PREFACE. V 



capacities to several pursuits in the farm, the 

 workshop, the factory, the study or the studio, 

 instead of being riveted for -life to one of these 

 pursuits only. 



At a much more recent date, in the seventies, 

 Herbert Spencer's theory of evolution gave 

 origin in Russia to a remarkable work, The 

 Theory of Progress, by M. M. Mikhajlovsky. 

 The part which belongs in progressive evolution 

 to differentiation, and the part which belongs in 

 it to an integration of aptitudes and activities, 

 were discussed by the Russian author with depth 

 of thought, and Spencer's differentiation-formula 

 was accordingly completed. 



And, finally, out of a number of smaller 

 monographs, I must mention a suggestive little 

 book by J . _R,._DQdg r -trie JLInJted _S tates^statis- 

 tician (Farm and Factory: Aids derived by i 

 Agriculture from Industries, New York, 1886). ' ' 

 The same question was discussed in it from a 

 practical American point of view. 



Half a century ago a harmonious union be- 

 tween agricultural and industrial pursuits, as also 

 between brain work and manual work, could 

 only be a remote desideratum. The-_conditions. 

 under which the factory system asserted itself, 

 as well as the obsolete forms of agriculture 

 which prevailed at that time, prevented such a 

 union from being feasible. Synthetic production 

 was impossible. However, the wonderful sim- 

 plification of the technical processes in both 

 industry and agriculture, partly due to an ever-- 



