CHAPTER VI. 



SMALL INDUSTRIES AND INDUSTRIAL VILLAGES. 



Industry and agriculture The small industries Different types Ptlty 

 trades in Great Britain: Sheffield; Lake District; Birmingham 

 Petty trades in France Weaving and various others The Lyon? 

 region Paris, emporium of petty trades. 



THE two sister arts of agriculture and industry were 

 not always so estranged from one another as they are 

 now. There was a time, and that time is not so far 

 back, when both were thoroughly combined : the vil- 

 lages were then the seats of a variety of industries, 

 and the artisans in the cities did not abandon agri- 

 culture ; many towns were nothing else but industrial 

 villages. If the mediaeval city was the cradle of those 

 industries which bordered upon art and were intended 

 to supply the wants of the richer classes, still it was 

 the rural manufacture which supplied the wants of 

 the million, as it does until the present day in Russia, 

 and to a very great extent in Germany and France. 

 But then came the water-motors, steam, the develop- 

 ment of machinery, and they broke the link which 

 formerly connected the farm with the workshop. 

 Factories grew up and they abandoned the fields. 

 They gathered where the sale of their produce was 

 easiest, or the raw materials and fuel could be obtained 

 with the greatest advantage. New cities rose, and the 

 old ones rapidly enlarged ; the fields were deserted. 

 Millions of labourers, driven away by sheer force from 

 the land, gathered in the cities in search of labour, and 



(126) 



