128 FIELDS, FACTORIES AND WORKSHOPS. 



to consider them as obsolete types of industry, but in 

 their life itself, in their struggles, their failures and 

 achievements. 



The variety of forms of organisation which prevails 

 in the small industries is hardly suspected by those 

 who have not made them a subject of special study. 

 There are, first, two broad categories: those industries 

 which are carried on in the villages, in connection with 

 agriculture ; and those which are carried on in towns 

 or in villages, with no connection with the land the 

 workers depending for their earnings exclusively upon 

 their industrial work. In Russia, in France, in Germany, 

 in Austria, and so on, millions and millions of workers 

 are in the first case. They are owners or occupiers of 

 the land, they keep one or two cows, very often horses, 

 and they cultivate their fields, or their orchards, or 

 gardens, considering industrial work as a by-occupation. 

 In those regions, especially, where the winter is long 

 and no work on the land is possible for several months 

 every year, this form of small industries is widely spread. 

 In this country, on the contrary, we find the opposite 

 extreme. Few small industries have survived in Eng- 

 land in connection with land-culture ; but hundreds of 

 petty trades are found in the suburbs and the slums 

 of the big cities, and large portions of the populations 

 of several towns, such as Sheffield and Birmingham, 

 find their living in a variety of petty trades. Between 

 these two extremes there is evidently a mass of inter- 

 mediate forms, according to the more or less close ties 

 which continue to exist with the land. Large villages, 

 and even towns, are thus peopled with workers who 

 are engaged in small trades, but most of whom have 

 a small garden, or an orchard, or a field, or only re- 

 tain some rights of pasture on the commons, while part 

 of them live exclusively upon their industrial earnings. 



With regard to the sale of the produce, the small 

 industries offer the same variety of organisatioa Here 



