SMALL INDUSTRIES AND INDUSTRIAL VILLAGES. 1 29 



again there are two great branches. In one of them 

 the worker sells his produce directly to the wholesale 

 dealer; cabinet-makers and part of the workers in the 

 toy trade are in this case. In the other great division 

 the worker works for a " master " who either sells the 

 produce to a wholesale dealer, or simply acts as a 

 middleman who himself receives his orders from some 

 big concern. This is the " sweating system," properly 

 speaking, under which we find a mass of small trades : 

 part of the toy trade, the tailors who work for big 

 clothing establishments very often for those of the 

 State the women who sew and embroider the " uppers " 

 for the boot and shoe factories, and who as often deal 

 with, the factory as with an intermediary "sweater," 

 and so on. All possible gradations of feudalisation and 

 sub-feudalisation of labour are evidently found in that 

 organisation of the sale of the produce. 



Again, when the industrial, or rather technical aspects 

 of the small industries are considered, the same variety 

 of types is soon discovered. Here also there are two 

 great branches : those trades, on the one side, which are 

 purely domestic that is, those which are carried on in 

 the house of the worker, with the aid of his family, or of 

 a couple of wage-workers ; and those which are carried 

 on in separate workshops all the just-mentioned 

 varieties, as regards connection with land and the divers 

 modes of disposing of the produce, being met with in 

 both these branches. All possible trades weaving, 

 workers in wood, in metals, in bone, in india-rubber, and 

 so on may be found under the category of purely do- 

 mestic trades, with all possible gradations between the 

 purely domestic form of production and the workshop 

 and the factory. 



Thus, by the side of the trades which are carried 

 on entirely at home by one or more members of the 

 family, there are the trades in which the master keeps 

 a small workshop attached to his house, where he works 



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