BRAIN WORK AND MANUAL WORK. IQI 



was considered as the first step in technical educatioa 

 Then the student was brought, first, to the carpenter's 

 workshop, or rather laboratory, and there he was 

 thoroughly taught to execute all kinds of carpentry 

 and joinery. No efforts were spared in order to bring 

 the pupil to a certain perfection in that branch the real 

 basis of all trades. Later on, he was transferred to the 

 turner's workshop, where he was taught to make in 

 wood the patterns of those things which he would have 

 to make in metal in the following workshops. The 

 foundry followed, and there he was taught to cast those 

 parts of machines which he had prepared in wood ; and 

 it was only after he had gone through the first three 

 stages that he was admitted to the smith's and engineer- 

 ing workshops. Such was the system which English 

 readers will find described in full in a work by Mr. Ch. 

 H. Ham.* As for the perfection of the mechanical 

 work of the students, I cannot do better than refer to the 

 reports of the juries at the above-named exhibitions. 



In America the same system has been introduced, 

 in its technical part, first, in the Chicago Manual Train- 

 ing School, and later on in the Boston Technical School 

 the best, I am told, of the sort; and in this country, 

 or rather in Scotland, I found the system applied with 

 full success, for some years, under the direction of Dr. 

 Ogilvie at Gordon's College in Aberdeen. It is the 

 Moscow or Chicago system on a limited scale. While 

 receiving substantial scientific education, the pupils are 

 also trained in the workshops but not for one special 

 trade, as it unhappily too often is the case. They pass 

 through the carpenter's workshop, the casting in metals, 

 and the engineering workshop; and in each of these 



* Manual Training : the Solution of Social and Industrial Problems. 

 By Ch. H. Ham. London : Blackie & Son, 1886. I can add that like 

 results have been achieved again at the Krasnoufimsk Realschule, in the 

 province of Orenburg, especially with regard to agriculture and agri- 

 cultural machinery. The achievements of the school, however, are so 

 interesting that they deserve more than a short mention. 



