224 FIELDS, FACTORIES AND WORKSHOPS. 



E. COTTON INDUSTRY IN GERMANY. 



Dr. G. Schulze-Gaewernitz, in his excellent work, The 

 Cotton Trade in England and on the Continent (English trans- 

 lation by Oscar S. Hall, London, 1895), calls attention to the 

 fact that Germany has certainly not yet attained, in her cotton 

 industry, the high technical level of development attained 

 by England; but he shows also the progress lately realised. 

 The cost of each yard of plain cotton, notwithstanding low 

 wages and long hours, is still greater in Germany than in 

 England, as seen from the following tables. Taking a cer- 

 tain quality of plain cotton in both countries, he gives (p. 

 151, German edition) the following comparative figures: 



England. Germany. 



Hours of labour 9 hours 12 hours 



Average weekly earnings of the opera- 

 tives i6s. 3d. us. 8d. 



Yards woven per week per operative . 706 yards 466 yards 



Cost per yard of cotton . . . o.275d. o.303d. 



But he remarks also that in all sorts of printed cottons, in 

 which fancy, colours and invention play a predominant part, 

 the advantages are entirely on the side of the smaller German 

 factories. 



In the spinning mills the advantages, on the contrary, con- 

 tinue to remain entirely on the side of England, the numbei 

 of operatives per 1000 spindles being in various countries as 

 follows (p. 91, English edition): 



Per TOGO spindles. 



Bombay ........ 25 operatives. 



Italy 13 



Alsace ........ 9^ ,, 



Mulhouse . . 7^ ,, 



Germany, 1861 .' 20 



1882 8 to 9 



England, 1837 7 



1887 ....... 3 



For the last ten years considerable improvements have 

 taken place. "India shows us, since 1884, extraordinary 

 developments," Schulze-Gaewernitz remarks, and " there is 

 no doubt that Germany also has reduced the number of 



