248 FIELDS, FACTORIES AND WORKSHOPS. 



employed on the average. In the watch trade we find 2000 

 workshops with only 6000 operatives, and their production, 

 about ^1,000,000, reaches nevertheless nearly one-third part 

 of the total watch production in France. The maroquinerie 

 gives the very high figure of ,500,000, although it employs 

 only 1000 persons, scattered in 280 workshops, this high figure 

 itself testifying to the high artistic value of the Paris leather 

 fancy goods. The jewelry, both for articles of luxury, and 

 for all descriptions of cheap goods, is again one of the 

 specialities of the Paris petty trades ; and another well-known 

 speciality is the fabrication of artificial flowers. Finally, we 

 must mention the carriage and saddlery trades, which are 

 carried on in the small towns round Paris; the making of 

 fine straw hats; glass cutting, and painting on glass and 

 china ; and numerous workshops for fancy buttons, attire 

 in mother-of-pearl, and small goods in horn and bone. 



Q. PETTY TRADES IN GERMANY. 



The literature of the small industries in Germany being 

 very bulky, the chief works upon this subject may be found, 

 either in full or reviewed, in Schmoller's Jahrbucher, and in 

 Conrad's Sammlung nation al-okonomischer und statistischer 

 Abhandlungen. For a general review of the subject and rich 

 bibliographical indications, SchBnberg's Volkwirthschaftslehre, 

 vol. ii., which contains excellent remarks about the proper 

 domain of small industries (p. 401 seg.), as well as the above- 

 mentioned publication of K. Biicher ( Untersuchungen ubcr die 

 Lage des Handwerks in Deutschland), will be found most valu- 

 able. The work of O. Schwarz, Die Betricbsformen der moderncn 

 Grossindustric (in Zeitschrift fur Staatswisstnschaft, vol. xxv., 

 P- 535); is interesting by its analysis of the respective ad- 

 vantages of both the great and the small industries, which 

 brings the author to formulate the following three factors in 

 favour of the former: (i) economy in the cost of motive 

 power ; (2) division of labour and its harmonic organisation ; 

 and (3) the advantages offered for the sale of the produce. 

 Of these three factors, the first is more and more eliminated 



