TABLE OF CONTENTS xiii 



CHAPTER PAGE 



187. The Great Plains of the United States . . . 403 



188. Life on the Plains 405 



189. Plains in History 406 



XIII. THE HIGH AREAS OF THE EARTH. 



190. Young Plateaus 409 



191. Dissected Plateaus 411 



192. Old Plateaus; Mesas; Buttes . . . .413 



193. Broken Plateaus ; Fault Cliffs . . . .414 



194. Hills and Mountains . . . . . .415 



195. Structure of Mountains ; Deformations . . 416 



196. Block Mountains 417 



197. Folded Mountains ; Rock Layers; Strata . .418 



198. Massive Mountains 420 



199. Mountains that no longer Exist ; Monadnocks . 422 



200. Mountain Peaks 424 



201. Mountain Ranges 425 



202. Earthquakes ; Their Cause ; Fault Lines ' . . 425 



203. Products of Mountain Regions ; Veins ; Minerals 428 



204. Effect of Mountains on Climate .... 429 



205. Avalanches . . . . . . .431 



206. Mountain Animals and Plants . . . . 432 



207. Mountain Peoples 433 



208. Effect of Mountains on History . . . ^ . 436 



XIV. VOLCANOES. 



209. Subsurface Earth . .. . . ' . . . 440 



210. Monte Nuovo . 441 



211. Vesuvius; Pompeii . . . . . 443 



212. Mount Pelee . . . ... 445 



213. The Azores .- . 446 



214. Volcanoes of the United States . . ..'>. 447 



2 1 5. Life History of a Volcano 451 



216. Distribution of Volcanoes 452 



APPENDIX. 



217. Determination of Latitude; The Nautical Al- 



manack; The Sextant . . . . . 455 



218. Topographical Maps ; Hachure Maps . . . 456 



219. Contour Maps 457 



220. Maps of Curved Surfaces; Projections; Cylin- 



drical ; Stereographic ..... 457 



221. Cylindrical Projection ; Mercator Projection . 458 



222. Stereographic Projection ..... 459 





