SUMMARY 



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which have not reached the surface; these are probably 

 volcanic. Few volcanoes are far from the sea although 

 there is an active crater in Africa several hundred miles 

 from the Indian Ocean. 



Extinct cones are sometimes found far in the interior of 

 continents, as the Spanish Peaks of Colorado, which are 

 more than 800 miles from the present coast. Many of 

 the once active deep-sea cones have now become extinct, 

 and their gently sloping shores have been cut back into 



THE CITY OF ST. HELENA. 



cliffs which rise abruptly from the sea. One of these, St. 

 Helena, rising from the depths of the Atlantic Ocean and 

 bounded by precipitous cliffs, is noted as being the place 

 of exile of the Emperor Napoleon I of France. 



Summary. Volcanoes are openings in the earth's 

 crust through which portions of melted earth material 

 pour forth. This material may be ash and cinders or it 

 may be molten lava. 



