380 COMPOSITE CYNAROIDEJC 



bricited: receptacle mostly flat orconvexed, often fimbrillate or densely 

 setose. Anthers with tails at base and commonly with elongated and 

 connate cartilaginous apical appendages, their tips distinct. Style- 

 branches destitute of appendage, short, sometimes distinct or partly 

 so, more commonly united up to the simply obtuse tips, not hirsute or 

 hispid, but sometimes an hispidulous or pubescent ring or node below. 

 Achenes thickish and hard. Pappus se'ose or rarely paleaceous. 

 Leaves alternate the teeth or mar gins of ten prickly. 



SUBTRIBE i CARDUINE^ Achenes attached by their very base. 

 Flowers all perfect ,( except one THISTLE ). 



* Filaments distinct. 



*- Leaves never prickly: style slender, its branches partly distinct: 

 filaments glabrous. 



87 Saussurea Involucre obovoid to oblong; its bracts appressed and without 



spinose or hooked tips pappus double, the inner series united at base and 

 falling together, the outer distinct and falling separately. 



88 Arctinm Involucre globular; its bracts spreading above the appressed 



base and hooked at tip. 



- - Leaves more or less prickly: style-branches united to or near 

 the tip: pappus simple, its bristles united at base and falling together; 

 filaments bearded or papillose-pubescent: involucre globose or obovoid, 

 of numerous usually prickly-tipped much imbricated bracts. 



89 Cardans Bristles of the pappus long and soft-plumose: receptacle 



densely villous-setose. 



* * Filaments united below, glabrous. 



90 Silybum Involucre depressed-globose, its bracts prickty along the mar- 

 gins and tapering into a widely spreading spine; bristles of the pap- 

 pua[Rn more than one series. 



SUBTRIBE ii CENTAURINE^E Achenes obliquely attached by one 

 side of the base or more laterally. Involucre globose or ovoid, its 

 bracts appressed and variously appendaged. 



91 Centaur ea Achenes more or less compressed or quadrangular: pappus 

 of indefinite bristles or narrow palese. 



92 Cnicns Aehenes terete: pappus double, each of 10 aristiform bristles. 



Subtribe i, Carduineae Less. DC. Prodr. vi, 617. Heads discoid, 

 homogamous, many-flowered; the flowers all similar, perfect or di- 

 oecious. Bracts of the involucre imbricated in several series, often 

 spinose at the apex. Corollas usually curved outward, the exterior 

 often deeper cleft than the others. Anthers slightly or not at all 

 caudate. Achenes attached by their very base, glabrous, with a ter- 

 minal areola. 



87 SAUSSUREA DC. Ann. Mus. Par. xvi, 107, t. 10-13. 



Tall herbs with alternate not prickly leaves and middlesized 

 heads of purple or dark violet flowers. Heads many-flowered, 

 the flowers all tubular, similar and perfect. Bracts of the invo- 



