xvi COMTE TO BENJAMIN KIDD 



economics and to (hedonistic) psychology It is individual freedom 

 An appeal to rights, and to (human) history, emerging from 

 militarism For which Spencer feels an exaggerated dread Spencer 

 masses facts rather than unifies knowledge The " social organism " 

 is only a phrase with him. 



CHAPTER X 



ME. LESLIE STEPHEN'S "SCIENCE OF ETHICS" 



Stephen a utilitarian Who came to believe in evolution as a scientific 

 fact Begins here with facts ; ethical judgments exist Organisms 

 seek maximum efficiency If social " tissue " is " organic " Then 

 ethical laws may be the conditions of maximum social efficiency 

 (Nature cares for individuals) Nature says, " Be strong ! " Ethics 

 says, " Society, be strong ! " The ethical is the typical society, and 

 therefore ethical judgments are binding But the type is actual, 

 not ideal ! Society is a complex whole, changing while its parts 

 are unchanged Criticism Sanction for individual goodness lies in 

 sympathy merely Sometimes we are too good for our own interests ! 

 Compared with Cora te, lacks authority With Spencer; calls "health" 

 the ideal, and ridicules " balance " With Darwin ; not struggle of 

 individual with individual, but of individual with society With 

 Utilitarianism ; discourages the calculation of consequences Most 

 of his positions may be accepted in a deeper sense. 



PART III 

 DARWINISM, OR STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE 



CHAPTER XI 



"DARWINISM IN MORALS" MISS COBBE'S PROTEST 



Darwinism may be applied to morals by analogy Or, as here, by explain- 

 ing man's evolutionary origin Miss Cobbe attacks Darwin's ex- 

 planation of the rise of morals out of intelligence plus sympathy 

 And the hypothetical palliation of murder Little trace of natural 

 selection in Darwin's ethical statement Darwin's analysis may be 

 accepted, not his view of reason. 



