CHAP, wri REITERATION OF DARWINISM 159 



from brute races. Darwin rebutted the objection by 

 showing the affinities between human morality and 

 animal sociality. He did not trace out in detail the 

 derivation of the one from the other by the working of 

 natural selection ; and this Mr. Sutherland does, or seeks 

 to do. The appeal is steadily made to natural selection, 

 and natural selection alone. Use -inheritance is "a 

 matter under discussion, and on the whole improbable." l 

 Reason is in no sense conceived as modifying the work- 

 ings of selection which we see in nature. 



A second feature of special interest in Mr. Suther- 

 land's book is his ingenious restatement of views very 

 like Henry Drummond's in the Ascent of Man, and 

 his restatement of them as the legitimate outcome of 

 the Darwinian tradition. 2 To at least one reader Mr. 

 Sutherland's account of the animal anticipations of 

 morality has made the point of view intelligible and 

 impressive as it never was before. One cannot doubt 

 that there is a rehearsal of the whole drama of morals 

 in races lower than man. And one learns from Mr. 

 Sutherland how sympathy, which he treats as the 

 primary form of morality, was actually a factor in 

 securing further progress. 



Yet a third reason for valuing Mr. Sutherland's book 

 lies in the instances it points out of progress coming to 

 its limit in certain directions, and so terminating. 



We must now try to describe briefly the leading 

 thoughts of this full and interesting discussion with its 

 admirable wealth of examples. We begin with biology. 



The first of all necessities is that emphasised by 



1 ii. p. 89. 



2 Yet this is rather a transformed Darwinism. It gives a more moral 

 view of the animal world (not of the human !). 



