CHAP, xvi REITERATION OF DARWINISM 161 



incubating parent; but the crowning method is that 

 of infant helplessness and maternal or parental self- 

 sacrifice, best exemplified in human kind. 



We see therefore that the higher races are evolved 

 on a principle of family life and family affection. But 

 in this close intercourse of the home or the nest sympathy 

 is born, and sympathy naturally extends itself to other 

 members of the species. Here then we are on the very 

 brink of morality itself. Indeed, we might say that 

 the secret of the evolution of morals is placed by Mr. 

 Sutherland just here. Nature, in the case of the higher 

 tribes, required for survival that there should be a strong 

 " perihestic " sympathy, and this sympathy could not 

 be hindered from overflowing into " aphestic " l rela- 

 tions. Morality was, so far, a kind of by-product in 

 evolution, though an inevitable by-product. Family 

 sympathy was a necessary cause of predominance in 

 those races which had substituted quality for quantity, 

 care or development of offspring for mere fecundity; 

 but in the first instance germinal morality, or the wider 

 sympathy, was a symptom rather than a condition of 

 progress. 



Only, however, in the first instance ; for as animal 

 life drew nearer and nearer the confines of morality, 

 and even before it had grown rational, gregariousness 

 or sociality became serviceable. 2 The more gregarious 

 were selected, the less social were eliminated. 



Here then we have Drummondism brought into 

 relation with natural selection, and exhibited as a sub- 

 section in the Darwinian theory. 



1 Mr. Sutherland's terms, coined by him for human morals, where no 

 doubt they are more fully legitimate. 



2 Or so it is argued. The shoal darted away when one fish saw 

 danger ; yes, but did not the shoal become a mark for dangers which 

 solitary individuals might have escaped ? 



M 



