214 PRESENT AND FUTURE OF AMERICA. 



Irish lower the price of labor. Liverpool, Manchester, 

 and Birmingham are instances where the very poorest 

 class of Irish have been for a long period making their 

 way, and doing all the hard and humblest labor, and 

 from that position working up to the top of the ladder. 

 The Irish of Manchester are, it may be said, the people 

 of Manchester. In 1830, there were 75,000 of Irish in 

 Liverpool ; and what a great number there must have 

 arrived since then, especially as they raised the censuses 

 of Liverpool from 1840 to 1850 to 50 per cent. In Lon- 

 don, Irish and Scotch make a very large proportion of its 

 inhabitants ; and if all foreigners, and those of foreign 

 descent, be subtracted also, the Anglo-Saxon race would 

 be probably in the minority in that great city. The 

 armies of England, again, are in the majority Irish. 

 The population of the Canadas is, to a very large 

 amount, made up of Irish and French. 



We know that there has been little or no inducement 

 to prevail on the lower classes of England to leave their 

 homes ; they had always three or four times the wages 

 and opportunities that the Irish had to make a livelihood 

 at home. The Irish, on the contrary, never could get 

 daily employment in Ireland, arising from the embar- 

 rassed position of the landed proprietors, many of whom 

 were Englishmen, who never visited the country, and who 

 not unfrequently mortgaged their Irish estates to supply 

 every pressing demand, while their English estates they 

 fostered and improved. The proprietors of the soil were 

 also universally in religion adverse to their tenantry, and 

 were aliens to them. In the majority of cases they were 

 the troopers of Cromwell, &c. These causes forced the 

 poor, unprotected, persecuted Irish from their shores. 



