

ACAUNANIA. 



Abyarinia, Rttppel thinks that they 

 Tb* ooounon oorreocy eon- 

 r . whetstone, and ting 

 TlMyawUksiifromUMTOt.alt.pUUj 



and 



Mwo 



wU* pnH-rlr Us. to AAO. bat partly belongs to Tlgrf [Air 

 . ouEJbr tk. merrtant. of Aatflo to IWcoU to Waag. w 

 li*j 6l tbrtr .y U> Ik. .outheni province. of Abys*iois. 



' 



TheM 



Abyini* generally credited. that 

 at that counter, many centuries before the 

 era, r ooonrtwl to the JewUh (kith, and that the founder 

 of UM 8r ill Mil T of their king* wa* Heoilck, a ion of Solomon and 

 aqoMofStba. Tb All/Minimi were converted to Christianity in 



UM UM of UM Emparor Constaatine by MM mi*sionaries sent from 

 Aloaadria, At that time UM town of Axum was th aeat of the 

 . and mo* of UM antiquitie* which .till exist at that place 

 L b* ascribed to that period. The power of the emperor* aeema 



osjsr a part of Y 



Thia WM the period of the greatart political 

 Seventy yean afterward* the Abyssinian* were 



now* of AbyMinia. Seventy yean afterward* the Abyssinian* were 

 d^rirrJ of Yemen, probably by the Arab*, whom Mohammed had 

 (In I with UM Mai of propagating hi* doctrine*, and with the 



ilMnanilsnH of the ruyal family fled to Shoa. 'For more than 

 kandred yean UM country appear* to have remained in a distr 

 late until UM Emperor fooo Amlaq recovered the whble king 



with UM seal of propagating 



pint of conquering all neighbouring nations. The Arabs soon 

 asataVad Abyaania iurlf, and though they did not succeed in con- 

 qiMriagit, they took |iiniisinn of AdaU and converted its inhabitant*! 

 to Isiaausax It appear* that after thia time great disorder crept into 

 UM internal attain of UM empire, for in the year 925 a Jewess, called 

 Hagv*. otsHhrew UM reigning dynasty and destroyed Axum. The 



than three 

 distracted 



Amlaq recovered the whble kingdom, 

 f bv the abilities of an ecclesiastic named Tecla 

 In UM following three centuries the country appears to 

 ha** remained in an improving state, and even to have acquired a 

 part of ite former power, ss in the 13th century it is said to have 

 saalB got posasssion of the southern part of AdsJ, which however it 

 last soon afterwards. Towards the end of the 15th century Pedro 

 Oiitlasn. an agent of UM court of Lisbon, visited the country, and 

 this circumstance saved the empire from destruction ; for in the 

 beginning of UM 15th century Granie, or Gragne, a sultan of 

 or Adal, bad, like Oengis Khan, succeeded in gathering under 

 UM nomadic tribes of Danakil and the Gallas, and made 

 " MS into Abyssinia. The emperor sent an ambassador 

 aid fmm the king of Portugal, at the same time pro- 

 ad submission to UM pope. Four hundred soldiers, a 

 ipply of arms, and BOOM ecclesiastics were sent off, and 



il 

 bis 



U> Lisbon to 



Uondar. Th. 

 to hat* kid la. 



however appears 



erfnnatina, of knowledge, and character, and soon got into 

 with UM nnparor and bis family, who were inclined to renom 

 tssMta sad ritos of UM Coptic Church, and to adopt those of 

 bat UM people and UM ereUstastics opposed this innovation 

 MM tin* UM matter was managed with prudence, but the il 

 MB! of MM BHSM Catholic miasinniries broucht about a cris 



of that unsettled state of the country into 



Uk Abyssinia, Ml soon afterward*, and in which it has continued 

 UM praam time. The Roman Catholic priests were men of 

 of knowledge, and character, and soon got into favour 

 ror sad bis family, who were inclined to renounce the 



t those of Rome ; 

 innovation. For 

 i, bot the ill timed 

 i brought about a crisis : the 



in rebellion agaiMt UM emperor, and continued to resist for 

 BMr/yean. ArWaloacatevsMbetwMn the sovereign and hi* subjects, 

 UM sMMvor WM obliged to gTre way, and the Roman Catholic priests 

 WOT. e*psils4 in im During thi. period of anarchy the governors 

 nf UM pnnriMM BMW Uiemwlves independent, and thus arose the 

 "Hlli s*e of UM country which w* have already noticed. 

 It bas ban* stated that, after UM defeat and the death of 

 UM oulkrra prorinos* wan not recovered; but it aears 



sh^it^Ufootingln the elera 



. ........ 



Al> his. Cfa 



Grume, 

 that the 



''"I UistMifrss dependent on UM emperors. One of them, 

 ""T"' j" " 1 Nsfssi. claimed an todepandentauthority, and became 

 UMfc.rof OM kingdom of Bboa. Krapf states that the present 



- UM arth kin, from Nagirf. It would, therefore, 



at UM sod of UM 17lh or the beginning of 



- <. Abhre, took AnluSbar from UM 0llaa. n 1n 

 rttU am. Owy bare extended their authority over 

 12-000 4 l " r * m 'l* ! *"d Uic order which 

 dmWstoation and the army seams to 



Vatartia, 



, IMP; 



Bruce, rrorrf. to Dit- 

 and Trarrfi to 



India, Ctja*, IM Red Sea, Abyuiaia, and Egypt; Salt. 



Akyuiitia, and Trartli into Ike Interior of Hal ' 



Africa; Pearoe, Life and Adrenivi.,. 1 \ li.ill ; i; ' / a 



Tkrtt Teari KttiJraee in Atiyttinia - Uupjn-1, A'. i. in Abpstinim ; 

 Itenberg and Krapf, JovurnaU, detailing their proceedings in the 

 kingdom of Shoa, ic. : Kirk, 'Report on the Route from Tujurra 

 to Ankubar,' in the London Oeoorapliical Journal, v,.l. xii. ; livke, 

 ' Communications respecting the Uoography of Southern Abysainia,' 

 on<) hi* 'Route from Ankdbar > London Geographical 



Journal, vol. xii.; Beke, 'Continii utcs in Abyssinia,' in 



London Geographical Journal, vol. xiv.) 



ACA'DIA, by the French called Ai'.viHK, is the genuine Indian 

 name of Nova Scotia, The chief river of Nova Scotia ia still called 

 Slmben-Aeailie, or the river of Acadie. [NOVA SCOTIA.] 



ACAPULCO, a city in the province of Mexico, about 183 miles 

 S.S.W. from the capital, Mexico ; in 16 50' N. lat, 99 48' W. long. ; 

 population about 4 000, chiefly people of colour. It stond* in the recess 

 of a bay, close to a chain of granite mountainc, and ia the beat Mexican 

 port on the coast of the Pacific Ocean. The bay has two entrances 

 formed by tho island Roquetta, or Grifo ; the Boca Chica, or little 

 entrance north of the island, ia not quite a quarter of a mile wide at 

 its narrowest part; the great entrance between the eastern Hlitv of 

 the inland and Point Bruja on the mainland, is about a mile and a half 

 across. The port is capable of containing 500 ship*, and U deep 

 enough to allow vessels to lie close to tho rocks. Acnpulco ia but 

 poorly built, and i a most disagreeable and unhealthy place. Lying 

 within the torrid zone, and surrounded by mountains, it is int 

 hot, and the inhabitants, particularly u> >< li.il.li to dan- 



gerous fevers. An opening cut through the rocks on the 

 the sea-breeze, but a swamp on the east side of the town still icmaiux 

 undrained, and ia one of the sources of the annual fevers. The \v)u>lc 

 of the district is subject to earthquakes, and one, on December 4, 1 852, 

 destroyed all the principal IniiMiiigs, and a great part of tho town. 

 The earth opened in the market-place, and threw out volumes of 

 smoke. The city of Mexico, in the interior, communicates with the 

 Pacific by the town of Acapulco, which once had a considerable trailo 

 with Manilla, the capital of the Philippine islands. Under the Spanish 

 dominion, a vessel of the largest size used annually to leave Acapulco 

 for Manilla about February or March, loaded with commodities and 

 specie ; and when the English were at war with the Spaniards, the 

 Manilla ships were carefully looked after ns a rich booty. The 

 returned to Acapulco in August, carrying back muslins, printed 

 calicoes, coarse cotton sliirta, porcelain, Chinese jewellery, 4c. Its 

 arrival was the signal for a great concourse of merchants to Acapukii, 

 who swelled the population for the time to about 9000. Tin ia 

 rnjiijvd by Acapulco while under the dominion of Spain bcinj; nmv 

 abolished, the India and China trade has shifted to the ports of Sam 

 Bias, Mazatlan, and Guaymas. The town is defi-ndcd by the castle of 

 San Diego, which is built on a promontory to the east of it Its 

 exports are cochineal, indigo, *ilvcr, and some skins. It is said that 

 arrangements have been lately made by the Mexican central govern- 

 ment to run through the city of Mexico a line of diligences bat 

 Vera Cruz on the Atlantic and Acapulco. 



AC A 1 ! N A N I A . a division of ancient Greece, was bounded N. by tho 

 A iiiliniciut Gulf, now the Gulf of Arta ; N.E. by the territory of Ainphi- 

 lochia; W. ami S.W. by the Ionian Sea. The eastern lioiiiidary ex- 

 tended in the time of Thucydides over (lie left lank of tin- A< 1 

 and encroiiclied upon the territory of .-Ktolio. Under the Romans, or 

 somewhat earlier, the Achelous waa made the dividing line. Acur- 

 uania was included in the Roman province of Kpirus. It now forms 

 witfi ^Gtolia a nomot or department of the kingdom of Greece 

 has an area of 1571 square miles, with a population of 25,083 in 1840. 

 The population of tho whole department in 1851 was 98,789. 



Tho interior of the country is covered with forests and with HMUII- 

 f no great elevation, screening many fertile valleys, some of wliieh 

 contain lake*. Tliri-hief river is the AcUELOUS, now the Aapro-Potamo, 

 u hi. li in the lower part of its course flows through a wide alluvial 

 plain, anciently distinguished by the name of ParacheloitiH. Thin 

 plain is now covered with marshes. The principal feeder of tho A. h. 

 ioiin in this province is the Anapas, which enters the main 

 about 8 miles S. from Stratus. On tho coast of Acarnania are 

 several islands, the Urgent of which is Leucas, now Santa-Maura. This 

 was orginally port of the mainland, from which it was separated by a 

 canaL A group of islands, probably of deltoid formati< .n. at tho mouth 

 of the Achelous, were anciently called Echinades. The copious deposits 

 of this river have no doubt caused much change in the south coast 

 since ancient times. The principal hike* whoxc names are known w. re 

 Mclitc, in the territory of (Kninda>, north of the m-mth of tho Aclio- 

 lous; and tho salt lake of Myrtuntiuin, near the entrance to tho 

 Ambracian Gulf. 



The coast line, which i* very irregular, measures nearly 90 miles. 

 Of the several promontories along the coast two only are ] 

 named Actiutn and KrithoUS ; the latter fonning the northern Hide of 

 a small bay on the west coast, on which tho town of Astacus stood. 

 There are several good harbours in the province, whi< !>. ><M. d in the 

 general fertility of the soil, might have made the p. ..pie wealthy; but 

 the primitive inhabitants never attained any renown either in commerce 

 or the art*. Their best ports, Lcucan, Anactorium, Svllium, and 



