



- 



to UN 



Of royal 

 iti 



family of Argos. Tb 

 vailed Ut Aim* tad 



-nT-r , of ,!. (ion |a. that tradition prevailed Ut Aim* ta 

 MrtsaWwera.* ,-cd hafer. UM warofTroy.ocoui^ Dymili- 

 tarr bsU fto rhthintie. Hl the prevalence of the name Achari if 



I UM prevalence 



to W aMsiasstod to the warlike uhsiaiiter of this people. According 

 to the -tMres**' wnad IheAchBi also in Ithaca. Another traditi.* 

 i at HihVarasanii. raprnnrti the Aehsoeus u 

 T r.haili mtjta Mr that Aohfjos, Phthius, and 



UifTssi sill in and I *ri*sa, emigrated from Peloponnesus 

 srhteh they divided into three part*. Aobaia, Phthiotis, 

 ThM aeaoont U not innnnaJHsni with the notion 



I by scholars that U>. Phthiotan 

 the AehsMM of Peloponnesus. 



Argos in the 



i fraqasaUy called Aohwu Argos, to distinguish U, 

 nan Arfos in Thaiealy 



Halter UM war of Troy (B.C. 1104), a fresh band of 

 he north, the Dorians, drove the Adust from Laoonia 

 Those who did not Uave the country were reduced to 

 of a conquered people; but a huge part, led by Tisa- 

 .smrf Orestes, retreated to UM jSgialeian Ionia, and expelled 

 the Ionian*, who Bed to AUioa and to Asia Minor. From this date 

 UM unmt at AehsM wu given to .fifialeia. From the sileno* of 

 u Ionian iss..stfon of the northern coast of 

 i (for be tan that the territory in question formed part of 

 i's dominion.*, Mr. Orote, in his ' History of Greeco,' vol. 

 17, aasstiaeti this tradition respecting the expulsion of the 

 la*a**LyTWmius: and H seems not improbable that the Achmans 

 te UM north of UM rslnponnssns war* an undisturbed remnant of the 

 Aehsmsi tnmhtfqn wea spread over the whole peninsula. 



The AchmuM pimml IS citiee with their territories, each of 

 whieh ww divided into T or 8 dam! or townships. The citiee had 

 a kingly antammsnt. nnder the descendant* of Tisamenus down 

 to Ofjfse, am whose death UM democratic form of government was 

 Ultusally adopted. Each eHy formed a separate republic, the only 

 ha*d of union between them being the periodical festivals and sacn- 

 eas, where dispute, between the different cities ware settled, and the 

 Meral easMsfw* ware arranged. This wu the early Aohamn League, 

 which hs*d Ms minings irst at Helios, and, after the destruct 

 this city, Ac. STS, at .tgitim. 



The history of the Aohewns forms an inconsiderable jwrt of the 

 general history of Greece till about B.C. 251. During the invssiun of 

 Dram by UM Persians, they took no share in the battles of Marathon, 

 HaUails. and Plate* ; nor, during the long war of 87 years, did th.-y 

 take anything more than a kind of forced part in the protracted 

 all aggie lislaeeu Athens and Sparta. At the commencement of this 

 war OLC, 4SI) they were, with the exception of PelMno, neutral ; but 

 afterwards favoured the Laoedsimonian interact, in compliance with 

 the genera] toting that prevailed in the peninsula. The cause of 

 their taking no part In the general affairs of Greece may probably 

 have been the want of onion among the 12 little states ; for though 

 they aitjnalsdfsil a onramon origin, ami had a kind of com: 

 UMT M*tn not to have had any complete federal system. Yet they 

 probably attained at an early period a considerable degree of pros- 

 perity and internal good policy, for we And that the Achuans founded 

 ' irishmg eoloniea in Southern Italy, the most famous of 

 i Oraton and Sybaris ; ami their political institutions were 



preferable to thoat of most states, and were often imitated 



a* model 



TV* InUm fought by the side nf the Athenians and Haitians 

 I fUlinof Maesdon at Chtwonca, where they lost some of their 

 rtetts***. Right years afterwards (f-c.MO) all the Aotuoan towns 

 xoeptPalUfM joined the flpartans in masting the Macedonians und. -r 



h wWfhUMj r.-f, 



th. nrr/ef UM vjctoriuo. party. an,f 

 aH the rriU of anarchy and civil war. 

 n-stre toi* UM garrison* of DametritM and Cassander, and 



**<* 



> ' ' 



Oonatae, or to enhnK to tyrants. 



... ... 



: : . 



Fssjr of UM west am state, of Achra, Oyme, Pairs., Tritssa, and 

 r-W. sMfas, the diOculUe. in which Antigonu. 



"" 'H Uaf of HatwAonia, wa* in. Jved. expelled the Macedonians, 

 fcnnsd a f4on for nntaal prowetfon, .,-. Ml. Five years 

 "* ** fjeotfd hs garrison, and Burn kill.-i iu tvrant, 



I rJMtod Hs farriwn, and Bur* killed iu tyrant, 

 ntvd Inoas, who wu then tyrant of the astghUmr 

 Mb, to snendn bis *nUirity. nn.l wv hi life. 

 J^"*d the new leagn*. In K.r. 2A1, Arntus having 

 wHfh was not an Aahssan town, twnnvht it ,,*or in 



. Aralus having 

 '** was not am Achssan town, brought H over to 



.,,,.. 



' ff the Maodonian garrwon out of 

 wa the key of Southern Greece, 

 Mefara, Kpidauni*. and Trazen, 

 is not to write the history of the 

 (mporteno*. In the year 

 , PnOoposmen was alcoted 

 . ........ 



'lnui. As the Ronana had now humUed I'hilip II. of Maoe- 



. .iv.l Im.i U> the rank of a dependent 1 

 i. i ;,. \ ,. ,. :. ... . .'..;.:.' ii. :<ini thin 



wu easily efleoted by the Bomaii and anli-Uoman partien, uh: 

 bean for sums time growing up in i!..- (ireek cities. In ll'l, however, 

 Sparta became a member of the Achamii league, sad thu design 

 leaders was to include all the Peloponnesus within iU limits. 

 the death - l.u Itomau part.. 



stronger under the influence of Callicratee, and the lesgue remained, 

 in appearance at least, on the nid of tho Komans in thuir final 

 struggle with Perseus, king of Macedonia, which en defeat 



and death of the monarch (n.c. 168). 1'h.- miir,..,,,. ,.r ( ..Iliorates 

 was now almost supreme, and, so far from opposing, he urg< 

 Romans to demand 1000 of the noblest Aohsmns to bo sent to ; 

 to answer for their conduct in the late war. Calliorates and his party 

 had named more than 1000, of whoso guilt, however, no proof ws 

 adduced; his only object was to humble the party !' hi* n|>| 

 Lycortas. Among the aocused who were sent to Rin< 

 detained for 17 yearn, was tho historian Polybius, the eon of Lycortas, 

 and the strongest support of hie fat! 



The last war of the league was with SpurU, which win* brought 

 about (B.C. 1 50) through the influence of Cntolnus, one of thu; 

 had been detained at Rome. This, whidi tin- liuuiuus chose i 

 aider as a kind of attack on themselves, joined to the ooutuuiaciouB 

 treatment of tin- Km:m comuiisaionera at Corintli, \vliich will ) 

 presently mentioned, induced tin: republic i 

 chastise theAcluoaos; and a fitter man fr the jmr;> 

 have been found. The treat i... . i ! 



'1 to soften the ferocity of their barbarian opp 

 Auhtcau general Diious met Mummius on tli ' i-inth, 



and fell an easy prey to the Roman general, who, after the > 

 burned Corinth to the ground (u.c. 146). Mummm* ai. 

 senators than changed Greece into the Roman pr > ebtca, 



leaving, however, to certain cities, such as Athene, l)<'!|ilii, ,'. 

 rank of free towns. Corinth afterwards received a Roman col 



To those who study the history of civil polity, it i a matter <: 

 voine interest to trace the formation of federative systems, or those 

 by which a number of states unite for certain general purposes, while- 

 each maintains all its sovereignty except thu; 



rendered to the sovereignty <>t I states. Tl . such 



aaaooiatjons is two-fold to secure peace and a ready 

 between all the states, and all ths members of them ; HI 

 to facilitate all transactions with foreign states, 

 sovereign power given to the united lly. llul'vnue against I 

 aggression is one of the main objects of such K union ; whilo i 

 conquest is, strictly speaking, incompatible 



The history of the Grecian states presents u with many examples 

 of federal unions of various kinds, but none is more familiar t 

 ear than the Aohtean, about which, however, our ii . , not 



complete, nor yet always precise. We shall endeavour to stat< 

 vn in OH brief a way as possible. 



Each state had an equal political rank, retained it* internal regula- 

 tions, and ito coins, woighte, and measures, as we knu from extant 

 specimens, though the general government also bad its coins, weights, 

 and measures, which were uniform. Wu are speaking of the league 

 as it existed in iU completast state. No city was allowed iixle 

 pendently of the rest of the state to make peace or war, or to treat 

 with any foreign power ; but each had uncontrolled imiuageui 

 its own internal affairs. The sovereign power wu vested in a federal 

 assembly, held twice a year at -Kgium (afterwards at Corinth), and 

 they deliberated for three days : extraordinary assemblies might meet 

 nt other places, as, for instance, at Sicyon. At these meetings every 

 Aobjean who had reached the age of 80 was allowed to speak ; Lut 

 questions ware not decided by a majority of the citizens, but by a 

 majority of the cities which were menil league. Besides 



UM general assembly, there wu a council which decided what 

 tions should be. submitted to tho assembly. At the Hpring meeting, 

 about the time of the vernal equinox, the public functionaries ware 

 ohoaen ; the tlnitgoi, or head of the confederation, wu there chosen, 

 with the Ai';>;Mirr*n, or master of the hone, who held the next rank ; 

 UM grammaleut, or secretary of Ktiite. and in fniieliouaries called 

 drmiuryi. In tho earlier times of the league they 

 and a secretary, us the Romsns had two consuls ; but in n.c. -j:,i;, after 

 25 years' experience, it wa foi-nd that one head wu better than two. 

 The stratogos appears to have been elected for a single year, ami u< <t 

 to have been re-eligible till lie hail been one year out of office-. U . 

 find that Anttus filled the office of stratogos 17 times in S3 years, and 

 ri,il,i|,,i.inen wu elected 8 times iu 24 years; Marcus of Ccryncia 

 wu the Brst sole stratogos. If the strategos died in office, his prede- 

 cessor assumed th. lie legal meeting ! tin- uingrei>. 

 The functions of the 10 deminrgi ware thoee of the council above 

 mentioned ; they | presented at first thclO Aohroan cities of 

 which the Inague consisted, and may have possessed tile legal right to 

 immin said preside in ; < seems that they 

 bad tl limit*, of referring matters to the public 

 body or not, according Ui a imj"rity " b.,dy : 

 they were in fact a committee, having n kind : (l.iv. xxxii. 

 . may be asked bow wu the general com ed. purlieu- 



