ADRIANOPLE. 



ADULE. 



70 



duke of Ferrara, and the Venetians, in 1482, Adria was besieged anc 

 taken by the latter, and then pillaged and burnt. The citizens who 

 had escaped, having made their submission to the Venetian senate 

 were restored to their lands and houses, which they began to repair 

 or rebuild. After the war of the league of Cambrai, Adria was, by 

 the peace of Bologna, in 1529, definitively given up to Venice. The 

 new town of Adria by degrees arose out of the ruins of the old city, a 

 great part of which had been long before buried under the successive 

 alluvions. The remains of ancient Adria lie to the south of the present 

 town towards Ravegnano, where old massive walls, and the ruins of an 

 amphitheatre, baths, and aqueducts, mosaic pavements, and other 

 Etruscan and Roman antiquities are found many feet below the surface 

 of the ground. The present town of Adria is crossed by the Castagnaro, 

 a branch of the Adige : it has about 10,000 inhabitants ; and it gives title 

 to a bishop, although, of late, the bishops reside mostly at Rovigo, 

 which is 15 miles to the westward. The territory of Adria borders on 

 the Roman Legation of Ferrara, the town itself being only 3 miles 

 north of the Po. Pliny the Elder speaks of the wines of Adria with 

 praise ; the country still produces some tolerable wine, and the town 

 trades in cattle, grain, silk, flax, fire-wood, leather, and earthenware. 

 Under the republic of Venice, Adria was annexed to the Dogado, or pro- 

 vince of Venice proper, and was governed by a patrician with the title 

 of Podesta, having its own municipal councils and statutes, which were 

 printed in 1707. It now forms part of the Lombardo-Venetian King- 

 dom under the crown of Austria. Lnigi Groto, called also ' the blind 

 man of Adria,' a learned man of the 16th century, was a native of this 

 town. Adria is 30 miles S.S.W. of Venice, in45 3'N. lat.,lll'E. long. 



There was another Adria in Picenum, situated on a hill a few miles 

 from the Adriatic, between the Vomanus and the Matrinua. It is 

 now called Atri, and it is supposed that it was originally founded by 

 a colony from the Adria of Cisalpine GauL A Roman colony was 

 settled here B.C. 282. Its territory was ravaged by Hannibal, but it 

 remained faithful to Rome, and was one of the 18 Latin colonies 

 which, B.c. 209, declared their readiness to supply men and money for 

 continuing the struggle against Carthage. The town received a new 

 colony under Augustus ; and it would seem, from the inscription, 

 ' Colonia /Ella Hadria,' that it was re-established by the emperor 

 Hadrian, whose family originally came from this city. The ancient 

 walls of Adria may still be traced, and there are mosaic pavements 

 and other remains of buildings. 



ADRIANOPLE (Edreneh), the second city in European Turkey, is 

 situated on the Maritza, the ancient Hebrut, which is here joined by 

 the Tunja and the Arda, in 41 44' N. lat., 26 34' E. long., 135 miles 

 AN". N'.W. from Constantinople, and 88 miles E.S.E. from Philippopoli. 

 It takes its name from the Roman emperor Adrian, who restored and 

 embellished it, as he did so many other cities of his dominions. 

 Adrianople rises gently on the side of a small hill from the banks of 

 the Hebrtis and Tunja, and is about five miles in circumference. The 

 city is girt by old walls, flanked with 12 towers and pierced by 11 

 gates ; it is also defended by a citadel The central and oldest part 

 of the city is surrounded by an old stone wall erected by the Greeks 

 of the Lower Empire. The streets are narrow and irregular, but the 

 town is well provided with mosques, 40 in number, and alsg with 

 baths, and fountains, all of which were fed by an aqueduct. The 

 number of inhabitant* is about 100,000, of whom 30,000 are Greeks. 

 One of the mosques, that of Sultan Murad I., was once a Chri-4.i:ni 

 church, and another has a great quantity of porphyry in its construc- 

 tion ; but the great boast of the town is the mosque of Seliin II., built 

 chiefly of materials brought from the ruins of Famagusta, in Cyprus. 

 It consists of one great apartment like a theatre, terminating in a 

 cupola, and has four regular minarets, the three different galleries of 

 which are reached by three spiral staircases winding separately round 

 each other : to the highest balcony there is an ascent of 377 steps. 

 One of the most important constructions of Adrianople is the bazaar 

 of All Pacha, near the mosque of Sultan Selim. It is a brick building 

 vaulted with arches, composed of red and white bricks alternately. 

 The entrance in by a gate at each end, and by four at each side, and 

 its length is 300 paces. The more precious commodities, such as 

 shawls, jewellery, muslins, &c., are sold in this bazaar. Many traces 

 of Roman building may be seen at Adrianople. The river Maritza, 

 being navigable as far as Adrianople for small craft, contributes to the 

 commercial prosperity of the town. The port is Kims, which retains 

 it nncicnt name, and stands on one side of the bay into which the 

 (Minis flows. The manufactures of Adrianople are silk, woollen, and 

 cotton stuffs ; it hag also establishments for dyeing, and distilling 

 rose-water and other perfumes, and fur tanning leather. Among its 

 chief exports are fine wool, leather, wax, opium, Ac. 



Adrianople is the residence of a Greek archbishop, and of a British 



COIHIll. 



A Thracinn town called Uscudama occupied the site of Adrianople 

 previous to the foundation of Hadrian. In the plain adjacent to the 

 city, Licinius was defeated by Constantino the Great, A.D. 323 ; and 

 Valens by the Goths, A.D. 378. Adrianople was taken by the Sultan 

 Murad I. in 1360, and from that year till the taking of Constantinople 

 in 1453 it was the capital of the Turkish empire, and continued to be 

 'asional and favourite residence of the sultans till the early 

 part of the 18th century. The Russians, under General Diebitsch, 

 took the city Aug. 20, 1829, which capture led to the conclusion of a 



treaty of peace at Adrianople, on the 14th of September following. 

 By this treaty the Porte recovered Wallachia and Moldavia, and all 

 the Russian conquests in Bulgaria and Rumelia. The Pruth, and from 

 its mouth the right bank of the Danube, were fixed as the boundary 

 between Russia and Turkey in Europe, and between the Asiatic terri- 

 tories of the two states the limits were precisely defined. To Russia, 

 besides large sums for indemnification and expenses of the war, was 

 guaranteed liberty to trade in all parts of the Turkish empire, as also 

 the trading navigation of the Danube, in the Black Sea, and the 

 Mediterranean, and the free passage of the Dardanelles as for other 

 favoured nations. Besides these stipulations, the independence of 

 Servia, Wallachia, and Moldavia was acknowledged ; and the political 

 existence of Greece as an independent state recognised by the Porte. 



ADRIATIC SEA, that part of the Mediterranean which extends 

 from S.E. to N.W. between Italy and Illyria, Daluiatia, and 

 Epirus or Albania. It is connected with the Ionian Sea at its 

 southern extremity by the strait or channel of Otranto, which at its 

 northern and narrowest part between Cape Linguetta, the ancient 

 Acroceraunian Promontory, and the Cape of Otranto, is 44 miles 

 across. The length of the Adriatic from this strait to the mouth of 

 the Tagliamento is about 480 miles ; its general width is about 130 

 miles, but northward from the mouths of the Po, the sea is narrowed 

 by the peninsula of Istria to about 60 miles across. 



The basin of the Adriatic is bounded W. by the crest of the 

 Apennines, N. and N.E. by the Alps, and E. by the Diuaric Alps 

 and the offshoots which connect the system of the Alps with the 

 Balkan. The rivers which drain it may be generally characterised as 

 mountain-torrents, many of which are dry or nearly so in summer. 

 The exceptions to this are the Po and the Adige. The Italian shore 

 is for the most part low, marshy, and alluvial ; unsheltered, ill-provided 

 with harbours, it presents no remarkable projection with the exception 

 of Monte Gargano, which screens the Gulf of Manfredonia on the north. 

 The sea along this shore is in many places very shallow. The basin on 

 the eastern side extends but a little way from the shore, which is high, 

 rocky, and precipitous ; the principal rivers that fall in on this side are 

 the Narenta, the Drin, and the Vojussa. 



The north-western extremity of the Adriatic is called the Gulf of 

 Venice, a name sometimes extended to the whole sea ; the north- 

 eastern extremity forms the Gulf of Trieste, between which and the 

 Bay of Quarnero lies the peninsula of Istria anciently included in 

 Italy. South of Istria the eastern shore of the Adriatic is studded as 

 far as Ragusa with numerous islands, which as well as the adjacent 

 coast are indented by numerous deep well-sheltered bays and harbours. 

 South of Ragusa along this coast are the Gulfs of Cattaro, Drin, and 

 Avlona. The prevailing wind in the Adriatic in summer is the north- 

 west, in winter the south-east ; the latter is generally very tempestuous. 



The water of the Adriatic, like that of the rest of the Mediterranean, 

 is salter than the water of the Atlantic Ocean. The tides are 

 barely sensible in the Adriatic. The navigation of this sea was much 

 dreaded in ancient times on account of the frequent and sudden storms 

 to which it was subject. 



The name Adriatic, as well as the earlier form Adria, is derived 

 from the ancient Adria, the great Etruscan emporium near the mouth 

 of the Po [ADHIA] ; it was introduced among the Romans by the Latin 

 poets, who borrowed it from the Greeks. The common Roman 

 jamo for this sea was Mare Superum, or Upper Sea, to distinguish 

 t from the Mare Infcrum, which meant the Lower or Tuscan 

 Hea. It is highly probable that the name Adrias> or Gulf of Adria, 

 originally applied only to the bay on which the ancient city of Adria 

 stood, the whole sea being called the Ionian Gulf : under this name it 

 is spoken of by Thucydides. In writers soon after his time, the terms 

 Adriatic Gulf and Ionian Gulf are equivalent. Strabo gives the limits 

 of the Adriatic as they are given in this article. In Ptolemy's time 

 another change took place in the application of these terms, the 

 Adriatic Culf comprising all the waters of the sea north of Garganus, 

 while the rest of it was designated the Ionian Gulf; and the Ionian Sea, 

 with the Mediterranean as far as the east coast of Sicily, was called the 

 Adriatic Sea. In writers of still later date, this term was extended to 

 nclude the sea along the west of Greece ; and Procopius and Orosius 

 make the Adriatic Sea wash the shores of Malta and of Crete. 



ADULE corresponds to the modern Zwlla, which is situated on the 

 west coast of the Red Sea in the recess of Annesley Bay, in 15 35' N. 

 at. C'osmas, a merchant of the 6th century, has preserved in his book, 

 entitled ' Christian Topography,' a copy of a Greek inscription which ho 

 bund at this place. Adule at this period was the port of Axum, where 

 merchants traded for ivory and slaves, just as they did afterwards at 

 Hassdwa, on the same coast. This inscription was found, according to 

 2osmas, partly on a throne of white marble, and partly on a slab behind 

 t. Till Mr. Salt discovered the inscription at Axum, and compared it 

 with the latter part pf the inscription of Adule, it had been supposed 

 that the entire inscription on the latter monument referred to one 

 and the same personage, whereas it is now pretty certain that Cosmas 

 las made two inscriptions into one, and caused no little difficulty to 

 -he learned world. The inscription may be seen in Montfaucon's 

 Collectio Nova Patrum,' Paris, 1706, vol. ii. p. 141; in Fabricius's 

 Bibliotheca Giteca,' torn. iv. p. 245 ; and in ChishuU's ' Antiquitates 

 Asiatics!.' 



The first part of the inscription refers to the third Ptolemy, called 



