tDTBRUU 



71 



king of Egypt, who, aooordin( to the testimony of the 

 tonsT ** MMUed "With elephanta front the Troglodyte) an.) the 

 Ethiopians, which hi* father (Ptolemy II.) and himself first hunted 

 bV-irin- r-aH~n and having taken down to Egypt adapted to the use 

 f war." This Ptolemy reigned from B.C. 347 to 233. The second 

 part of UM inscription is in the first person, and appears to record 

 M triumph* of some Ethiopian king, whose name does not appear, 

 ow IMBT rf UM people of Ethiopia, and as far as the borders of 

 Ervtrf- It eomnMBwratea also the oonquesta of this Ethiopian king 

 i of the nations of Arabia; and we find (which tends to 

 sneral accuracy of the beta) that several names an 



eh we can stfll recognise in Africa. Among others, the 



,^akofthe8emens!orSamene,thepopleofSauien[ABTSSl>-u], 



- a nation dwelling beyond the Nile, in mountains difficult of access, and 

 snow-covered, wherein all through the year there is ice and very deep 

 snow, so that a man will sink up to the knees these, having crossed 

 Ue river (says UM Ethiopian king), I subdued." The mountains are 

 clearly the Semen, and the river is the Takkaxzie. 



(Clinton's Art, part U. p. 882.) 



ADVENTURE BAT is situated on the east coast of Bmne Island, 

 in 41' 20' S. Ut, 147' 29' E. long. This island lies off the south coast 

 of Van Diemen's Land, at a little distance due south of Hobart Town. 

 Adventure Bay was first discovered by Captain Furneaux in 1773, and 

 was niiatrl by him after the ship which he commanded, and which 

 Corned part of the expedition under Captain Cook. The anchoring 

 ground is good and well sheltered, and the neighbouring sbon 

 furnishes abundance of wood and water, which an easily procured. 

 At the head of the bay is a beautiful sandy beach, two miles long, 

 (Mined by particles continually washed by the sea from a very fine 

 white sand-stone that bounds the shore. Behind this beach is a level 

 plain, containing a lake with brackish water, when abundance of 

 bream and trout are found. The shone of the, bay in other parts an 

 hilly, and UM whole district is very thickly wooded. Kangaroos, 

 crown hawks, crows, paroquets, pigeons, and a variety of small birds, 

 ftaqnaut UM woods, which an also infested by large black snakes and 

 lismrds. Insects an very numerous and troublesome ; among these 

 are ntnsquitoes and a large black ant, the pain of whose bite is intoler- 

 able for a short time. The bay is visited periodically by an abundance 

 of fish of various kinds. Adventure Bay was visited by Captain Cook 

 in 1777, and subsequently (in 1788 and 1792) by Captain Bligh, for 

 th purpose of obtaining wood and water. 



^EG.t 'AN SEA, the ancient name of that part of the Mediterranean 

 now called the Archipelago. The Turks call it the White Sea, to 

 distinguish it from the Black Sea. The JEgasan Sea was bounded N. 

 by Macedonia and Thrace, W. by Greece, E. by Asia Minor, and on the 

 & it extended to Crete and Rhodes. The origin of the name is 

 doubtful. Geographers derive it from diffennt islands, or places on 

 Mi shores, as .Kgse. -*ga, .* ; or, more fabulously, from -giea, 

 queen of UM ATr-ir -. who perished then; or from -Egeun, the 

 fitkir of Theseus, who threw himself into it ; or it may be derived, 

 according to some, from the Greek word arylt, a squall, from the 

 violent and sudden storms which render it dangerous to sailors even 

 in UM present improved state of nautical science. The Etesian or 

 blow with frost fury over this sea, especially about 



It contains numerous islands, many of which an 

 of volcanic origin. Of these the more southern an 

 divided into two groups, one called UM Sporades, or scattered island. 



Vying along UM cos* of Caria and Ionia; the other called the Cyclades, 

 or oreling islands, lying off UM coasts of Attica and Peloponnesus, 

 from which they wen separated by the Jsfyrtoo* Sea, the name by 

 vUch that portion of UM an, south of Eubtoa, Attica, and 

 ' 



lying about learia, one of the Hporades, was 

 tradrlinft, however, derived UM name from 



The south-eastern portion of the ifgamn, 

 ' , was called the learim &n : 

 rom Icarus,V>n of DaxUlus, 



who wan said to have fallen into it The northern part of the .gsMB, 

 between UM shores of Macedonia and Thrace and the northern coast 

 of UM island of Euboaa, was called the 7rocw &a. The most 

 srntnsni part, extending north of Crete, was called the Crttost Sta. 

 Tke northern part of the .Conn contains fewer but larger islands; 

 UM principal were called Chion, Lesbos, Lemnos, Samothrace, Thasos, 

 and Ettbosa. At UM north-rant comer, it communicates with the 



Pi 'Hjuasis(aea of Marmara) by UM narrow strait called the Hellespont, 

 UM Dardanelles. [AicHrnLAOo.j 



JtOI'X A (Egkina), aa island in the Saronic Gulf, or Gulf of 



, 



nwhrav between UM coasts of Attica and the Peloponnesus, 87" 43 

 !.!**, O 37' E. long. 



Uatiu ran, IMS jma to be 180 stadia in circumference, which, 

 Bovine Bias stadia to a mile, will fen considerably short of the truth, 

 if we reckon UM numerous winding, of UM coast This island is in 



^^ ** fa ** tri "** U WiU> < ** TWt " to*"^ * ouUl i *"> 



in UM 



7 and > miles in length, the eastern 

 side about 7 miles. The coast is broken 

 but none of them deep. The island is 

 rooks and shallows, which render the 

 The wesson part of UM island isa plain, which, 

 A conical hill, called Mount St-Elias, 

 occupies UM southern part of the island, and 

 wo find a rides, which, on one of its eminences, 



has the remains of the ancient temple of Jupiter Panhellc'nius. In the 

 north-western part of the island then stand two columns, one of w In. h 

 is entire, marking the site of an ancient temple, with the name of win. h 

 we are unacquainted. To the south of these columns the site 



kief town, also called JSgina, is distinctly shown by the remains 

 of two artificial harbours, which have been formed, as was usual with 

 the Greeks, by projecting moles, with a narrow entrance between them. 

 The walls on the land aid.-, which were about 10 feet thick, and 

 flanked with towen, can be traced through their whole extent Then 

 . r. probably three principal gates, the central one leading to the 

 eminence in the eastern part of the island, on which the remains of 

 the ancient temple stand. This temple is situated amidst pine trees, 

 on the summit of a mountain, and separated by a narrow valley from 

 the hill on which the modern town of Kghinm stands. The position 

 of the edifice is striking. Placed ill the middle of the gulf, it odors a 

 panoramic prospect of the whole bay. Athena and it* Acropolis are 

 18 miles distant north-north-east, and the towering Acropolis of 

 Corinth $7 miles to the north-west The sculptures of the pediment 

 were discovered in 1811, and an now preserved at Munich. The 

 subject of the eastern pediment is said to be the expedition of the 

 .Eacidic against Troy under the guidance of Athena; the western 

 representa the contest over the body of Patroclus. There are caste of 

 these sculptures in the British Museum. Stackelberg, a German 

 writer, in his work on the temple of Phigalia (1826), states that this 

 temple was dedicated to Athena, and that the I'auheUeuiuui was on 

 the lofty mountain in the south of the island. 



Nothing worth mentioning here is known of its inhabitants before 

 it was occupied by the Achsei (' Iliad,' ii. 562), and afterwards by some 

 Dorians from Argos. Like some small republics of modern times, 

 such as Genoa and Venice, ^Egina owed ita importance entirely to its 

 naval superiority ; and probably owed the origin of its greatness to its 

 security and central position as an emporium or mart As early as 

 ac. 563, in the reign of Amasis, before any town of European Greece 

 had acquired great commercial wealth, we find that jEgina had a 

 factory established in Lower Egypt for its merchants. In that cen- 

 tury, according to the testimony of Aristotle, this little spot contained 

 470,000 slaves. This number is certainly extravagant ; but we may 

 consider it as indicating a very large population, -iCgiiia was then one 

 of the great centres of the Mediterranean commerce, and in all 

 probability a considerable slave market 



When Xerxes was on the banks of the Dardanelles in the year 

 ac. 480, with his enormous army, previous to crossing over into 

 Europe, he saw, says Herodotus, the corn-fleet sailing by, carrying the 

 harvest* of the fertile regions on the Black Sea to the Peloponnesus and 

 jiSgina. .-Egina had very early a silver coinage, and many of its coins 

 xtill .xit The most common type or figure on one side U the sea- 

 tortoise. Strabo, on the authority of Ephorua, states that Phei.l..n, 

 king of Argos, who also possessed JSgiua, made a mint for ail 

 that inland about ac. 748 ; and it was a tradition among the Greeks 

 that, as early as that period, ^Egina was the centre of an extensive 

 commerce. About S05 ac. the JSginetans held the empire of the sea, 

 and in the war of Thebes against Athens at this date they sided with 

 the former, and ravaged with their fleet the whole coast of Attica. 

 Then was always a feud between Athens and yEgina, originating in 

 their institutions, those of ^Ggina being aristocratic, and those of 

 Athens democratic. When Xerxes invaded Greece ac. 480, the people 

 of .Egiua took a brilliant part in the gnat sea-fight of Salami*. They 

 sent thirty ships, besides those which guarded their own island, and 

 wen allowed to have acquitted themselves better than any of the other 

 Greeks ; this circumstance tended to wipe off the imputation of pre- 

 vious treachery to the common cause, of which they were apparently 

 not altogether guiltless. This event may be fixed as the latest peri, i 

 of their great prosperity, which had probably lasted for more than a 

 century ; and we must therefore assign the building of the great temple 

 <>f Jupiter Panhello'nius to some period in the 6th century bcfoi 

 era. We may indeed almost with certainty fix it before ac. 563, 

 when the ^Eginetans built a temple to their great national god, Jiipit .-r, 

 in Egypt; which they would scarcely have done before they had 

 erected one at home. After the Persian wan, the old jealousies of 

 Athens and -gina again broke out; in 460 ac. the Athenians 

 defeated the JEginetaus in a great naval battle, and laid siege to their 

 chief town, which after a brave defence surrendered in 456. Finally, 

 on the breaking out of the Peloponnesian war ac. 431, Athens took 

 possession of the island, and expelled the ^Eginctans. A remnant of 

 them was restored by Lysander at the close of the Peloponnesian war, 

 ao. 404 ; but -lEgina never afterwards recovered its importance. 



The temple of Jupiter Panhellc'nius, before referred to, or the 

 Panhcllc'niuiii of /Kgina, as it is often called, was of the Greek Doric 

 style or order, and of the arrangement which is technically termed 

 hexastyle, peripteral, and hypccthral ; that is, it had a portico of nix 

 columns at each end, and ranges of twelve columns along each 

 the columns on the angles being counted both in flank and in front : 

 internally it was divided into what may be termed nave and aisles, by 

 two ranges of columns, the space between which was uncovered. The 

 cell or body of the temple wan a regular parallelogram, inclosed by 

 four walls : noons* was given to the interior by doors in the cross- 

 walls, from inner porticoes formed by the longitudinal extension of 

 the flank walls, the projecting shoulders of which an termed antes, 



